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html head 頭標籤

Nov 22, 2016 pm 03:31 PM
head html

 HTML head 頭部分的標籤、元素有很多,涉及到瀏覽器對網頁的渲染,SEO 等等,而各個瀏覽器內核以及各個國內瀏覽器廠商都有些自己的標籤元素,這就造成了很多差異性。在行動網路時代,head 頭部結構,行動裝置的 meta 元素,顯得更為重要。了解每個標籤的意義,寫出滿足自己需求的 head 頭標籤,是本文的目的。本篇以一絲的文章為基礎,進行擴展總結介紹常用的 head 中各個標籤、元素的意義以及使用場景。

  DOCTYPE

  DOCTYPE(Document Type),該聲明位於文檔中最前面的位置,處於 html 標籤之前,此標籤告知瀏覽器文件使用哪種 HTML 或 XHTML 規範。

  DTD(Document Type Definition) 宣告以 開始,不區分大小寫,前面沒有任何內容,如果有其他內容(空格除外)會使瀏覽器在IE 下開啟怪異模式(quirks mode)渲染網頁。公共 DTD,名稱格式為註冊//組織//類型 標籤//語言,註冊指組織是否由國際標準化組織(ISO)註冊,+表示是,-表示不是。組織即組織名稱,如:W3C。類型一般是 DTD。標籤是指定公開文字描述,即所引用的公開文字的唯一描述性名稱,後面可附帶版本號。最後語言是 DTD 語言的 ISO 639 語言標識符,如:EN 表示英文,ZH 表示中文。 XHTML 1.0 可宣告三種 DTD 類型。分別表示嚴格版本,過渡版本,以及基於框架的 HTML 文件。

HTML 4.01 strict

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
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HTML 4.01 Transitional

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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HTML 4.01 Frameset

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">
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HTML5 推出更簡潔的書寫,它向前向後相容,使用最新使用。

<!doctype html>
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  在 HTML中 doctype 有兩個主要目的。

對文檔進行有效性驗證。

  它告訴使用者代理程式和校驗器這個文件是按照什麼 DTD 寫的。這個動作是被動的,每次頁面載入時,瀏覽器並不會下載 DTD 並檢查合法性,只有當手動校驗頁面時才啟用。

決定瀏覽器的呈現模式

對於實際操作,通知瀏覽器讀取文件時用哪一種解析演算法。如果沒有寫,則瀏覽器則會根據自身的規則對程式碼進行解析,可能會嚴重影響 html 排版佈局。瀏覽器有三種方式解析 HTML 文件。

非怪異(標準)模式

怪異模式

部分怪異(近乎標準)模式 關於IE瀏覽器的文檔模式,瀏覽器模式,嚴格模式,怪異模式,DOCTYPE 標籤,可詳細閱讀模式?標準!的內容。

  charset

  聲明文檔使用的字符編碼,

<meta charset="utf-8">
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  html5 之前網頁中會這樣寫:

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
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  html5 之前網頁中會這樣寫:

<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" />
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  這就是等效的,具體可移步' vs ,所以建議使用較短的,易於記憶。  

優先使用 IE 最新版本和 Chrome

<meta name="renderer" content="webkit">
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  360 使用Google Chrome Frame

<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1">
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  360 瀏覽器就會在這個標籤中讀取到這個標籤後,立即切換到這個標籤後,就會立即讀取對應的標籤。 另外為了保險起見再加入

<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />
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  這樣寫可以達到的效果是如果安裝了 Google Chrome Frame,則使用 GCF 來渲染頁面,如果沒有安裝 GCF,則使用最高版本的 IE 核心進行渲染。

  相關連結:瀏覽器核心控制Meta 標籤說明文件

 百度禁止轉碼

  透過百度手機開啟網頁時,百度可能會對你的網頁進行轉碼,脫下你的衣服,往你的身上貼狗皮膏藥的廣告,為此可在head 內添加

<title>your title</title>
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  相關連結:SiteApp 轉碼聲明

  SEO 最佳化部分

頁標題標籤(head 頭)</p>頁面描述內容description<p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="keywords" content="your keywords"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div></p>定義網頁作者author<p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="description" content="your description"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div></p>定義網頁搜尋引擎索引方式,robotterms 是一組使用英文逗號“,”分割的值,通常有以下幾種取值:none,noindex,nofollow,all ,index和follow。 <p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="author" content="author,email address"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div></p>  相關連結:WEB1038 -<p></p>  標記包含無效的值<p><p style="margin: 30px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; font-family: Verdana, "Microsoft YaHei"; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-size: inherit; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); line-height: 30px; white-space: normal; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> viewport</p><p>  viewport 可以让布局在移动浏览器上显示的更好。 通常会写</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  width=device-width 会导致 iPhone 5 添加到主屏后以 WebApp 全屏模式打开页面时出现黑边(http://bigc.at/ios-webapp-viewport-meta.orz)</p><p>  content 参数:</p><p>width viewport 宽度(数值/device-width)</p><p>height viewport 高度(数值/device-height)</p><p>initial-scale 初始缩放比例</p><p>maximum-scale 最大缩放比例</p><p>minimum-scale 最小缩放比例</p><p>user-scalable 是否允许用户缩放(yes/no)</p><p>minimal-ui iOS 7.1 beta 2 中新增属性,可以在页面加载时最小化上下状态栏。这是一个布尔值,可以直接这样写:</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimal-ui"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  而如果你的网站不是响应式的,请不要使用 initial-scale 或者禁用缩放。</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,user-scalable=yes"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  相关链接:非响应式设计的viewport</p><p>  适配 iPhone 6 和 iPhone 6plus 则需要写:</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="viewport" content="width=375"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=414"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  大部分 4.7~5 寸的安卓设备的 viewport 宽设为 360px,iPhone 6 上却是 375px,大部分 5.5 寸安卓机器(比如说三星 Note)的 viewport 宽为 400,iPhone 6 plus 上是 414px。</p><p>  ios 设备</p><p>  添加到主屏后的标题(iOS 6 新增)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="标题"> <!-- 添加到主屏后的标题(iOS 6 新增) --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  是否启用 WebApp 全屏模式</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <!-- 是否启用 WebApp 全屏模式 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  设置状态栏的背景颜色</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent" /> <!-- 设置状态栏的背景颜色, 只有在 `"apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"` 时生效 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  只有在 "apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" 时生效</p><p>  content 参数:</p><p>default 默认值。</p><p>black 状态栏背景是黑色。</p><p>black-translucent 状态栏背景是黑色半透明。 如果设置为 default 或 black ,网页内容从状态栏底部开始。 如果设置为 black-translucent ,网页内容充满整个屏幕,顶部会被状态栏遮挡。</p><p>  禁止数字识自动别为电话号码</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /> <!-- 禁止数字识自动别为电话号码 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p style="margin: 30px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; font-family: Verdana, "Microsoft YaHei"; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-size: inherit; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); line-height: 30px; white-space: normal; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> iOS 图标</p><p>  rel 参数: apple-touch-icon 图片自动处理成圆角和高光等效果。 apple-touch-icon-precomposed 禁止系统自动添加效果,直接显示设计原图。 iPhone 和 iTouch,默认 57x57 像素,必须有</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-57x57-precomposed.png" /> <!-- iPhone 和 iTouch,默认 57x57 像素,必须有 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  iPad,72x72 像素,可以没有,但推荐有</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/apple-touch-icon-72x72-precomposed.png" /> <!-- iPad,72x72 像素,可以没有,但推荐有 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  Retina iPhone 和 Retina iTouch,114x114 像素,可以没有,但推荐有</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/apple-touch-icon-114x114-precomposed.png" /> <!-- Retina iPhone 和 Retina iTouch,114x114 像素,可以没有,但推荐有 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  Retina iPad,144x144 像素,可以没有,但推荐有</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/apple-touch-icon-144x144-precomposed.png" /> <!-- Retina iPad,144x144 像素,可以没有,但推荐有 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  IOS 图标大小在iPhone 6 plus上是180×180,iPhone 6 是120x120。 适配iPhone 6 plus,则需要在中加上这段</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="retinahd_icon.png"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p style="margin: 30px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; font-family: Verdana, "Microsoft YaHei"; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-size: inherit; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); line-height: 30px; white-space: normal; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> iOS 启动画面</p><p>  官方文档:https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/qa/qa1686/_index.html 参考文章:http://wxd.ctrip.com/blog/2013/09/ios7-hig-24/</p><p>  iPad 的启动画面是不包括状态栏区域的。</p><p>  iPad 竖屏 768 x 1004(标准分辨率)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="768x1004" href="/splash-screen-768x1004.png" /> <!-- iPad 竖屏 768 x 1004(标准分辨率) --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  iPad 竖屏 1536x2008(Retina)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="1536x2008" href="/splash-screen-1536x2008.png" /> <!-- iPad 竖屏 1536x2008(Retina) --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  iPad 横屏 1024x748(标准分辨率)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="1024x748" href="/Default-Portrait-1024x748.png" /> <!-- iPad 横屏 1024x748(标准分辨率) --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  iPad 横屏 2048x1496(Retina)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="2048x1496" href="/splash-screen-2048x1496.png" /> <!-- iPad 横屏 2048x1496(Retina) --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  iPhone 和 iPod touch 的启动画面是包含状态栏区域的。</p><p>  iPhone/iPod Touch 竖屏 320x480 (标准分辨率)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="/splash-screen-320x480.png" /> <!-- iPhone/iPod Touch 竖屏 320x480 (标准分辨率) --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  iPhone/iPod Touch 竖屏 640x960 (Retina)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="640x960" href="/splash-screen-640x960.png" /> <!-- iPhone/iPod Touch 竖屏 640x960 (Retina) --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  iPhone 5/iPod Touch 5 竖屏 640x1136 (Retina)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="640x1136" href="/splash-screen-640x1136.png" /> <!-- iPhone 5/iPod Touch 5 竖屏 640x1136 (Retina) --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  添加智能 App 广告条 Smart App Banner(iOS 6+ Safari)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=myAppStoreID, affiliate-data=myAffiliateData, app-argument=myURL"> <!-- 添加智能 App 广告条 Smart App Banner(iOS 6+ Safari) --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  iPhone 6对应的图片大小是750×1294,iPhone 6 Plus 对应的是1242×2148 。</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="launch6.png" media="(device-width: 375px)"> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="launch6plus.png" media="(device-width: 414px)"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p style="margin: 30px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; font-family: Verdana, "Microsoft YaHei"; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-size: inherit; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); line-height: 30px; white-space: normal; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Windows 8</p><p>  Windows 8 磁贴颜色</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000"/> <!-- Windows 8 磁贴颜色 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  Windows 8 磁贴图标</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="icon.png"/> <!-- Windows 8 磁贴图标 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p><span style="line-height: 1.76em;"> rss订阅</span><br/></p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="/rss.xml" /> <!-- 添加 RSS 订阅 --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  favicon icon</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="/favicon.ico" /> <!-- 添加 favicon icon --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  比较详细的 favicon 介绍可参考https://github.com/audreyr/favicon-cheat-sheet</p><p style="margin: 30px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; font-family: Verdana, "Microsoft YaHei"; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); font-size: inherit; color: rgb(69, 69, 69); line-height: 30px; white-space: normal; widows: 1; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"> 移动端的meta</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black" /> <meta name="format-detection"content="telephone=no, email=no" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /><!-- 删除苹果默认的工具栏和菜单栏 --> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black" /><!-- 设置苹果工具栏颜色 --> <meta name="format-detection" content="telphone=no, email=no" /><!-- 忽略页面中的数字识别为电话,忽略email识别 --> <!-- 启用360浏览器的极速模式(webkit) --> <meta name="renderer" content="webkit"> <!-- 避免IE使用兼容模式 --> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <!-- 针对手持设备优化,主要是针对一些老的不识别viewport的浏览器,比如黑莓 --> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <!-- 微软的老式浏览器 --> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320"> <!-- uc强制竖屏 --> <meta name="screen-orientation" content="portrait"> <!-- QQ强制竖屏 --> <meta name="x5-orientation" content="portrait"> <!-- UC强制全屏 --> <meta name="full-screen" content="yes"> <!-- QQ强制全屏 --> <meta name="x5-fullscreen" content="true"> <!-- UC应用模式 --> <meta name="browsermode" content="application"> <!-- QQ应用模式 --> <meta name="x5-page-mode" content="app"> <!-- windows phone 点击无高光 --> <meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"> <!-- 适应移动端end --></pre><div class="contentsignin">登入後複製</div></div><p>  这是来自 toobug 的分享总结。</p> <p>  更多的 meta 标签参考</p> <p>COMPLETE LIST OF HTML META TAGS</p> <p>18 Meta Tags Every Webpage Should Have in 2013</p> <p>  参考文章:</p> <p>常用的 HTML 头部标签</p> <p>html5_header</p> <p>amazeui css</p> <p>DOCTYPE</p> <p>WEB 工程师和设计师必学的 10 个 IOS 8 新鲜改变</p> <p><br></p> </div> </div> <div class="wzconShengming_sp"> <div class="bzsmdiv_sp">本網站聲明</div> <div>本文內容由網友自願投稿,版權歸原作者所有。本站不承擔相應的法律責任。如發現涉嫌抄襲或侵權的內容,請聯絡admin@php.cn</div> </div> </div> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-format="autorelaxed" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5902227090019525" data-ad-slot="2507867629"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); 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