Node.js中通用模組的封裝方法

在Node.js中對模組載入和執行進行了包裝，使得模組檔案中的變數在一個閉包中，不會污染全域變量，和他人衝突。

前端模組通常是我們開發人員為了避免和他人衝突才把模組程式碼放置在一個閉包中。

如何封裝Node.js和前端通用的模組，我們可以參考Underscore.js 實現，他就是一個Node.js和前端通用的功能函數模組，查看程式碼：

// Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
  var _ = function(obj) {
    if (obj instanceof _) return obj;
    if (!(this instanceof _)) return new _(obj);
    this._wrapped = obj;
  };

  // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
  // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
  // the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
  // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
    if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
      exports = module.exports = _;
    }
    exports._ = _;
  } else {
    root._ = _;
  }

透過判斷exports是否存在來決定將局部變數_ 賦值給exports，向後相容舊的require() API，如果在瀏覽器中，透過一個字串標識符「_」作為一個全域物件；完整的閉包如下：

(function() {

  // Baseline setup
  // --------------

  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `exports` on the server.
  var root = this;

  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
  var _ = function(obj) {
    if (obj instanceof _) return obj;
    if (!(this instanceof _)) return new _(obj);
    this._wrapped = obj;
  };

  // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js**, with
  // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're in
  // the browser, add `_` as a global object via a string identifier,
  // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
    if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
      exports = module.exports = _;
    }
    exports._ = _;
  } else {
    root._ = _;
  }
}).call(this);

透過function定義建構了一個閉包，call(this)是將function在this物件下調用，以避免內部變數污染到全域作用域。瀏覽器中，this指向的是全域物件（window物件），將“_”變數賦在全域物件上“root._”，以供外部呼叫。

和Underscore.js 類似的Lo-Dash，也是使用了類似的方案，只是相容了AMD模組載入的相容：

;(function() {

  /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments */
  var undefined;
    /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
      var objectTypes = {
        'boolean': false,
        'function': true,
        'object': true,
        'number': false,
        'string': false,
        'undefined': false
      };
  /** Used as a reference to the global object */
  var root = (objectTypes[typeof window] && window) || this;

  /** Detect free variable `exports` */
  var freeExports = objectTypes[typeof exports] && exports && !exports.nodeType && exports;

  /** Detect free variable `module` */
  var freeModule = objectTypes[typeof module] && module && !module.nodeType && module;

  /** Detect the popular CommonJS extension `module.exports` */
  var moduleExports = freeModule && freeModule.exports === freeExports && freeExports;

/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  // expose Lo-Dash
  var _ = runInContext();

  // some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for condition patterns like the following:
  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
    // Expose Lo-Dash to the global object even when an AMD loader is present in
    // case Lo-Dash was injected by a third-party script and not intended to be
    // loaded as a module. The global assignment can be reverted in the Lo-Dash
    // module by its `noConflict()` method.
    root._ = _;

    // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
    // referenced as the "underscore" module
    define(function() {
      return _;
    });
  }
  // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
  else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
    // in Node.js or RingoJS
    if (moduleExports) {
      (freeModule.exports = _)._ = _;
    }
    // in Narwhal or Rhino -require
    else {
      freeExports._ = _;
    }
  }
  else {
    // in a browser or Rhino
    root._ = _;
  }
}.call(this));

再來看看Moment.js的封裝閉包主要程式碼：

(function (undefined) {
    var moment；
    // check for nodeJS
    var hasModule = (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports)；
/************************************
        Exposing Moment
    ************************************/

    function makeGlobal(deprecate) {
        var warned = false, local_moment = moment;
        /*global ender:false */
        if (typeof ender !== 'undefined') {
            return;
        }
        // here, `this` means `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server
        // add `moment` as a global object via a string identifier,
        // for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode
        if (deprecate) {
            this.moment = function () {
                if (!warned && console && console.warn) {
                    warned = true;
                    console.warn(
                            "Accessing Moment through the global scope is " +
                            "deprecated, and will be removed in an upcoming " +
                            "release.");
                }
                return local_moment.apply(null, arguments);
            };
        } else {
            this['moment'] = moment;
        }
    }

    // CommonJS module is defined
    if (hasModule) {
        module.exports = moment;
        makeGlobal(true);
    } else if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd) {
        define("moment", function (require, exports, module) {
            if (module.config().noGlobal !== true) {
                // If user provided noGlobal, he is aware of global
                makeGlobal(module.config().noGlobal === undefined);
            }

            return moment;
        });
    } else {
        makeGlobal();
    }
}).call(this);

再來看看Moment.js的封裝閉包主要程式碼：

if (typeof exports !== "undefined") {
    exports.** = **;
} else {
    this.** = **;
}

從上面的幾個例子可以看出，在封裝Node.js和前端通用的模組時，可以使用以下邏輯：

if (typeof define === "function" && define.amd){}

即，如果exports物件存在，則將局部變數裝載在exports物件上，如果不存在，則裝載在全域物件上。如果加上ADM規範的兼容性，那麼多加一句判斷：

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