Hibernate與資料庫鎖定
一、為什麼要使用鎖定?
要想弄清楚鎖機制存在的原因,首先要了解事務的概念。
事務是對資料庫一系列相關的操作,它必須具備ACID特徵:
A(原子性):要麼全部成功,要麼全部撤銷。
C(一致性):要保持資料庫的一致性。
I(隔離性):不同事務操作相同資料時,要有各自的資料空間。
D(持久性):一旦交易成功結束,它對資料庫所做的更新必須永久保持。
我們常用的關係型資料庫RDBMS實現了事務的這些特性。其中,原子性、
一致性和持久性都是採用日誌來保證的。而隔離性就是由今天我們關注的
鎖機制來實現的,這就是為什麼我們需要鎖機制。
如果沒有鎖,對隔離性不加控制,可能會造成哪些後果?
更新遺失:事務1提交的資料被事務2覆蓋。
臟讀:事務2查詢到了事務1未提交的資料。
虛讀:事務2查詢到了事務1提交的新建資料。
不可重複讀取:事務2查詢到了事務1提交的更新資料。
下面來看Hibernate的例子,兩個執行緒分別開啟兩個事務操作tb_account表中
的同一行資料col_id=1。
package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation; import java.io.Serializable; import javax.persistence.Column; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.Id; import javax.persistence.Table; @Entity @Table(name = "tb_account") public class Account implements Serializable { private static final long serialVersionUID = 5018821760412231859L; @Id @Column(name = "col_id") private long id; @Column(name = "col_balance") private long balance; public Account() { } public Account(long id, long balance) { this.id = id; this.balance = balance; } public long getId() { return id; } public void setId(long id) { this.id = id; } public long getBalance() { return balance; } public void setBalance(long balance) { this.balance = balance; } @Override public String toString() { return "Account [id=" + id + ", balance=" + balance + "]"; } }
package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction; import org.hibernate.Session; import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; import org.hibernate.Transaction; import org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationConfiguration; import com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation.Account; public class DirtyRead { public static void main(String[] args) { final SessionFactory sessionFactory = new AnnotationConfiguration(). addFile("hibernate/hibernate.cfg.xml"). configure(). addPackage("com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation"). addAnnotatedClass(Account.class). buildSessionFactory(); Thread t1 = new Thread() { @Override public void run() { Session session1 = sessionFactory.openSession(); Transaction tx1 = null; try { tx1 = session1.beginTransaction(); System.out.println("T1 - Begin trasaction"); Thread.sleep(500); Account account = (Account) session1.get(Account.class, new Long(1)); System.out.println("T1 - balance=" + account.getBalance()); Thread.sleep(500); account.setBalance(account.getBalance() + 100); System.out.println("T1 - Change balance:" + account.getBalance()); tx1.commit(); System.out.println("T1 - Commit transaction"); Thread.sleep(500); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); if (tx1 != null) tx1.rollback(); } finally { session1.close(); } } }; // 3.Run transaction 2 Thread t2 = new Thread() { @Override public void run() { Session session2 = sessionFactory.openSession(); Transaction tx2 = null; try { tx2 = session2.beginTransaction(); System.out.println("T2 - Begin trasaction"); Thread.sleep(500); Account account = (Account) session2.get(Account.class, new Long(1)); System.out.println("T2 - balance=" + account.getBalance()); Thread.sleep(500); account.setBalance(account.getBalance() - 100); System.out.println("T2 - Change balance:" + account.getBalance()); tx2.commit(); System.out.println("T2 - Commit transaction"); Thread.sleep(500); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); if (tx2 != null) tx2.rollback(); } finally { session2.close(); } } }; t1.start(); t2.start(); while (t1.isAlive() || t2.isAlive()) { try { Thread.sleep(2000L); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } } System.out.println("Both T1 and T2 are dead."); sessionFactory.close(); } }
事務1將col_balance減小100,而事務2將其減少100,最終結果可能是0,也
可能是200,事務1或2的更新可能會遺失。 log輸出也印證了這一點,事務1和2
的log交叉列印。
T1 - Begin trasaction T2 - Begin trasaction Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ where account0_.col_id=? Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ where account0_.col_id=? T1 - balance=100 T2 - balance=100 T2 - Change balance:0 T1 - Change balance:200 Hibernate: update tb_account set col_balance=? where col_id=? Hibernate: update tb_account set col_balance=? where col_id=? T1 - Commit transaction T2 - Commit transaction Both T1 and T2 are dead.
由此可見,隔離性是一個需要慎重考慮的問題,理解鎖很有必要。
二、有多少種鎖?
常見的有共享鎖、更新鎖和獨佔鎖。
1.共享鎖定:用於讀取資料操作,允許其他事務同時讀取。當交易執行select語句時,
資料庫會自動為交易分配一把共享鎖定來鎖定讀取的資料。
2.獨佔鎖:用於修改數據,其他事務不能讀取也不能修改。當交易執行insert、
update和delete時,資料庫會自動分配。
3.更新鎖:用於避免更新操作時共享鎖造成的死鎖,例如事務1和2同時持有
共享鎖並等待獲得獨佔鎖。執行update時,事務先獲得更新鎖,然後將
更新鎖升級成獨佔鎖,這樣就避免了死鎖。
此外,這些鎖都可以施加到資料庫中不同的物件上,即這些鎖可以有不同的粒度。
如資料庫級鎖、表級鎖、頁面級鎖、鍵級鎖和行級鎖。
所以鎖是有很多種的,這麼多鎖要想完全掌握靈活使用太難了,我們又不是DBA。
怎麼辦?還好,鎖機制對我們一般用戶來說是透明的,資料庫會自動添加合適的
鎖,並在適當的時機自動升級、降級各種鎖,真是太周到了!我們只需要做的就是
學會根據不同的業務需求,設定好隔離等級就可以了。
三、怎樣設定隔離等級?
一般來說,資料庫系統會提供四種事務隔離等級供使用者選擇:
1.Serializable(串列化):當兩個事務同時操縱相同資料時,事務2只能停下來等。
2.Repeatable Read(可重複讀):事務1能看到事務2新插入的數據,不能看到對
已有數據的更新。
3.Read Commited(讀取已提交資料):事務1能看到事務2新插入和更新的資料。
4.Read Uncommited(讀未提交資料):事務1能看到事務2沒有提交的插入和更新
資料。
四、應用程式中的鎖定
當資料庫採用Read Commited隔離等級時,可以在應用程式中採用悲觀鎖定或樂觀鎖定。
1.悲觀鎖:假定當前事務操作的資料肯定還會有其他事務訪問,因此悲觀地在應用
程式中明確指定採用獨佔鎖來鎖定資料資源。在MySQL、Oracle中支援以下形式:
select ... for update
明確地讓select採用獨佔鎖定鎖定查詢的記錄,其他事務要查詢、更新或刪除這些被
鎖定的數據,都要等到該事務結束後才行。
在Hibernate中,可以在load時傳入LockMode.UPGRADE來採用悲觀鎖定。修改前面的例子,
在事務1和2的get方法呼叫處,多傳入一個LockMode參數。從log可以看出,事務1和2
不再是交叉運行,事務2等待事務1結束後才可以讀取數據,所以最終col_balance值是正確
的100。
package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction; import org.hibernate.LockMode; import org.hibernate.Session; import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; import org.hibernate.Transaction; import com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation.Account; import com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation.AnnotationHibernate; public class UpgradeLock { @SuppressWarnings("deprecation") public static void main(String[] args) { final SessionFactory sessionFactory = AnnotationHibernate.createSessionFactory(); // Run transaction 1 Thread t1 = new Thread() { @Override public void run() { Session session1 = sessionFactory.openSession(); Transaction tx1 = null; try { tx1 = session1.beginTransaction(); System.out.println("T1 - Begin trasaction"); Thread.sleep(500); Account account = (Account) session1.get(Account.class, new Long(1), LockMode.UPGRADE); System.out.println("T1 - balance=" + account.getBalance()); Thread.sleep(500); account.setBalance(account.getBalance() + 100); System.out.println("T1 - Change balance:" + account.getBalance()); tx1.commit(); System.out.println("T1 - Commit transaction"); Thread.sleep(500); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); if (tx1 != null) tx1.rollback(); } finally { session1.close(); } } }; // Run transaction 2 Thread t2 = new Thread() { @Override public void run() { Session session2 = sessionFactory.openSession(); Transaction tx2 = null; try { tx2 = session2.beginTransaction(); System.out.println("T2 - Begin trasaction"); Thread.sleep(500); Account account = (Account) session2.get(Account.class, new Long(1), LockMode.UPGRADE); System.out.println("T2 - balance=" + account.getBalance()); Thread.sleep(500); account.setBalance(account.getBalance() - 100); System.out.println("T2 - Change balance:" + account.getBalance()); tx2.commit(); System.out.println("T2 - Commit transaction"); Thread.sleep(500); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); if (tx2 != null) tx2.rollback(); } finally { session2.close(); } } }; t1.start(); t2.start(); while (t1.isAlive() || t2.isAlive()) { try { Thread.sleep(2000L); } catch (InterruptedException e) { } } System.out.println("Both T1 and T2 are dead."); sessionFactory.close(); } }
T1 - Begin trasaction T2 - Begin trasaction Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ with (updlock, rowlock) where account0_.col_id=? Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ with (updlock, rowlock) where account0_.col_id=? T2 - balance=100 T2 - Change balance:0 Hibernate: update tb_account set col_balance=? where col_id=? T2 - Commit transaction T1 - balance=0 T1 - Change balance:100 Hibernate: update tb_account set col_balance=? where col_id=? T1 - Commit transaction Both T1 and T2 are dead.
Hibernate對於SQLServer 2005會執行SQL:
select account0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account account0_ with (updlock, rowlock) where account0_.col_id=?
為選定的col_id為1的資料行加上行鎖和更新鎖定。
2.樂觀鎖:假定當前事務操作的資料不會有其他事務同時訪問,因此完全依靠資料庫
的隔離等級來自動管理鎖的工作。在應用程式中採用版本控制來避免可能低機率出現
的並發問題。
在Hibernate中,使用Version註解來定義版本號欄位。
将DirtyLock中的Account对象替换成AccountVersion,其他代码不变,执行出现异常。
package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction; import javax.persistence.Column; import javax.persistence.Entity; import javax.persistence.Id; import javax.persistence.Table; import javax.persistence.Version; @Entity @Table(name = "tb_account_version") public class AccountVersion { @Id @Column(name = "col_id") private long id; @Column(name = "col_balance") private long balance; @Version @Column(name = "col_version") private int version; public AccountVersion() { } public AccountVersion(long id, long balance) { this.id = id; this.balance = balance; } public long getId() { return id; } public void setId(long id) { this.id = id; } public long getBalance() { return balance; } public void setBalance(long balance) { this.balance = balance; } public int getVersion() { return version; } public void setVersion(int version) { this.version = version; } }
log如下:
T1 - Begin trasaction T2 - Begin trasaction Hibernate: select accountver0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, accountver0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_, accountver0_.col_version as col3_0_0_ from tb_account_version accountver0_ where accountver0_.col_id=? Hibernate: select accountver0_.col_id as col1_0_0_, accountver0_.col_balance as col2_0_0_, accountver0_.col_version as col3_0_0_ from tb_account_version accountver0_ where accountver0_.col_id=? T1 - balance=1000 T2 - balance=1000 T1 - Change balance:900 T2 - Change balance:1100 Hibernate: update tb_account_version set col_balance=?, col_version=? where col_id=? and col_version=? Hibernate: update tb_account_version set col_balance=?, col_version=? where col_id=? and col_version=? T1 - Commit transaction 2264 [Thread-2] ERROR org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener - Could not synchronize database state with session org.hibernate.StaleObjectStateException: Row was updated or deleted by another transaction (or unsaved-value mapping was incorrect): [com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction.AccountVersion#1] at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.check(AbstractEntityPersister.java:1934) at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.update(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2578) at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.updateOrInsert(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2478) at org.hibernate.persister.entity.AbstractEntityPersister.update(AbstractEntityPersister.java:2805) at org.hibernate.action.EntityUpdateAction.execute(EntityUpdateAction.java:114) at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.execute(ActionQueue.java:268) at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:260) at org.hibernate.engine.ActionQueue.executeActions(ActionQueue.java:180) at org.hibernate.event.def.AbstractFlushingEventListener.performExecutions(AbstractFlushingEventListener.java:321) at org.hibernate.event.def.DefaultFlushEventListener.onFlush(DefaultFlushEventListener.java:51) at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.flush(SessionImpl.java:1206) at org.hibernate.impl.SessionImpl.managedFlush(SessionImpl.java:375) at org.hibernate.transaction.JDBCTransaction.commit(JDBCTransaction.java:137) at com.cdai.orm.hibernate.transaction.VersionLock$2.run(VersionLock.java:93) Both T1 and T2 are dead.
由于乐观锁完全将事务隔离交给数据库来控制,所以事务1和2交叉运行了,事务1提交
成功并将col_version改为1,然而事务2提交时已经找不到col_version为0的数据了,所以
抛出了异常。
Hibernate查询方法比较
Hibernate主要有三种查询方法:
1.HQL (Hibernate Query Language)
和SQL很类似,支持分页、连接、分组、聚集函数和子查询等特性,
但HQL是面向对象的,而不是面向关系数据库中的表。正因查询语句
是面向Domain对象的,所以使用HQL可以获得跨平台的好处,Hibernate
会自动帮我们根据不同的数据库翻译成不同的SQL语句。这在需要支持
多种数据库或者数据库迁移的应用中是十分方便的。
但得到方便的同时,由于SQL语句是由Hibernate自动生成的,所以这不
利于SQL语句的效率优化和调试,当数据量很大时可能会有效率问题,
出了问题也不便于排查解决。
2.QBC/QBE (Query by Criteria/Example)
QBC/QBE是通过组装查询条件或者模板对象来执行查询的。这在需要
灵活地支持许多查询条件自由组合的应用中是比较方便的。同样的问题
是由于查询语句是自由组装的,创建一条语句的代码可能很长,并且
包含许多分支条件,很不便于优化和调试。
3.SQL
Hibernate也支持直接执行SQL的查询方式。这种方式牺牲了Hibernate跨
数据库的优点,手工地编写底层SQL语句,从而获得最好的执行效率,
相对前两种方法,优化和调试方便了一些。
下面来看一组简单的例子。
package com.cdai.orm.hibernate.query; import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.List; import org.hibernate.Criteria; import org.hibernate.Query; import org.hibernate.Session; import org.hibernate.SessionFactory; import org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationConfiguration; import org.hibernate.criterion.Criterion; import org.hibernate.criterion.Example; import org.hibernate.criterion.Expression; import com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation.Account; public class BasicQuery { public static void main(String[] args) { SessionFactory sessionFactory = new AnnotationConfiguration(). addFile("hibernate/hibernate.cfg.xml"). configure(). addPackage("com.cdai.orm.hibernate.annotation"). addAnnotatedClass(Account.class). buildSessionFactory(); Session session = sessionFactory.openSession(); // 1.HQL Query query = session.createQuery("from Account as a where a.id=:id"); query.setLong("id", 1); List result = query.list(); for (Object row : result) { System.out.println(row); } // 2.QBC Criteria criteria = session.createCriteria(Account.class); criteria.add(Expression.eq("id", new Long(2))); result = criteria.list(); for (Object row : result) { System.out.println(row); } // 3.QBE Account example= new Account(); example.setBalance(100); result = session.createCriteria(Account.class). add(Example.create(example)). list(); for (Object row : result) { System.out.println(row); } // 4.SQL query = session.createSQLQuery( " select top 10 * from tb_account order by col_id desc "); result = query.list(); for (Object row : result) { System.out.println(Arrays.toString((Object[]) row)); } session.close(); } }
Hibernate: select account0_.col_id as col1_0_, account0_.col_balance as col2_0_ from tb_account account0_ where account0_.col_id=? Account [id=1, balance=100] Hibernate: select this_.col_id as col1_0_0_, this_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account this_ where this_.col_id=? Account [id=2, balance=100] Hibernate: select this_.col_id as col1_0_0_, this_.col_balance as col2_0_0_ from tb_account this_ where (this_.col_balance=?) Account [id=1, balance=100] Account [id=2, balance=100] Hibernate: select top 10 * from tb_account order by col_id desc [2, 100] [1, 100]
从log中可以清楚的看到Hibernate对于生成的SQL语句的控制,具体选择
哪种查询方式就要看具体应用了。
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