前言
Python 在 2.6 版本中新增了一個字串格式化方法: str.format()
。它的基本語法是透過 {} 和 : 來取代以前的 %.。
格式化時的佔位符語法:
replacement_field ::= "{" [field_name] ["!" conversion] [":" format_spec] "}"
「映射」規則
「映射」規則
位置可以不依序:
>>> "{0} {1}".format("hello", "world") 'hello world' >>> "{} {}".format("hello", "world") 'hello world' >>> "{1} {0} {1}".format("hello", "world") 'world hello world'
使用關鍵參數時字串中需要提供參數名稱:
. format()可以直接讀取使用者屬性:
>>> "I am {name}, age is {age}".format(name="huoty", age=18) 'I am huoty, age is 18' >>> user = {"name": "huoty", "age": 18} >>> "I am {name}, age is {age}".format(**user) 'I am huoty, age is 18'
透過下標
在需要格式化的字串內部可以透過下標來存取元素:?轉換
>>> class User(object): ... def __init__(self, name, age): ... self.name = name ... self.age = age ... ... def __str__(self): ... return "{self.name}({self.age})".format(self=self) ... ... def __repr__(self): ... return self.__str__() ... ... >>> user = User("huoty", 18) >>> user huoty(18) >>> "I am {user.name}, age is {user.age}".format(user=user) 'I am huoty, age is 18'
>>> names, ages = ["huoty", "esenich", "anan"], [18, 16, 8] >>> "I am {0[0]}, age is {1[2]}".format(names, ages) 'I am huoty, age is 8' >>> users = {"names": ["huoty", "esenich", "anan"], "ages": [18, 16, 8]} >>> "I am {names[0]}, age is {ages[0]}".format(**users)
格式限定符
填充與對齊
填充與對齊
填充常跟對齊一起使用。 ^, <, > 分別是居中、左對齊、右對齊,後面帶寬度, : 號後面帶填充的字符,只能是一個字符,不指定則默認是用空格填充。
conversion ::= "r" | "s" | "a"
浮點精度
用f 表示浮點型,並可在其前邊加上精確度控制:>>> "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format('test1', 'test2') "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"
>>> "{:>8}".format("181716") ' 181716' >>> "{:0>8}".format("181716") '00181716' >>> "{:->8}".format("181716") '--181716' >>> "{:-<8}".format("181716") '181716--' >>> "{:-^8}".format("181716") '-181716-' >>> "{:-<25}>".format("Here ") 'Here -------------------->'
>>> "[ {:.2f} ]".format(321.33345) '[ 321.33 ]' >>> "[ {:.1f} ]".format(321.33345) '[ 321.3 ]' >>> "[ {:.4f} ]".format(321.33345) '[ 321.3335 ]' >>> "[ {:.4f} ]".format(321) '[ 321.0000 ]'
>>> '{:+f}; {:+f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) '+3.141593; -3.141593' >>> '{: f}; {: f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) ' 3.141593; -3.141593' >>> '{:f}; {:f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) '3.141593; -3.141593' >>> '{:-f}; {:-f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) '3.141593; -3.141593' >>> '{:+.4f}; {:+.4f}'.format(3.141592657, -3.141592657) '+3.1416; -3.1416'
指定進位
>>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:x}; oct: {0:o}; bin: {0:b}".format(18) 'int: 18; hex: 12; oct: 22; bin: 10010' >>> "int: {0:d}; hex: {0:#x}; oct: {0:#o}; bin: {0:#b}".format(18) 'int: 18; hex: 0x12; oct: 0o22; bin: 0b10010'
千位分隔符號
可以使用"," reee事實上,format 也支援更多類型符號:
>>> '{:,}'.format(1234567890) '1,234,567,890'
其他技巧
其他技巧
的佔位符
>>> "progress: {:.2%}".format(19.88/22) 'progress: 90.36%'
作為函數使用
可以先不指定格式化參數,而是在不要的地方作為函數來呼叫:type ::= "b" | "c" | "d" | "e" | "E" | "f" | "F" | "g" | "G" | "n" | "o" | "s" | "x" | "X" | "%"
>>> '{0:{fill}{align}16}'.format("hello", fill='*', align='^') '*****hello******' >>> >>> for num in range(5,12): ... for base in "dXob": ... print("{0:{width}{base}}".format(num, base=base, width=5), end=' ') ... print() ... ... 5 5 5 101 6 6 6 110 7 7 7 111 8 8 10 1000 9 9 11 1001 10 A 12 1010 11 B 13 1011