Linq標準查詢運算子

語言集查詢Ganmge hteg.ratedQuw,LINQ,整合了C#程式語言中的查詢語法,可以用相同的語法存取不同的資料來源。 LINQ提供了不同資料來源的抽象層 ,所以可以使用相同的語法。

1篩選運算子

篩選運算子定義了傳回元素的條件。

篩選運算子	說明
where	使用謂詞，傳回布林值
OfType< TResult>	根據型別篩選元素

#應用範例：

where用法：

 var racers = from r in Formulal.Racers                         
 where r.Wins > 15 && r.Country == "Brazil" select r;

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OfType< T>用法：

object[] data = {"one", 2, "three", 4, 5, "six"};            
var rtnData = data.OfType<string>(); //返回类型为string的数据元素集合

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2投射運算元

把物件轉換為另一個類型的新物件

投射運算子描述#selectselectMany

用法範例：

select用法

var racers = from r in Formulal.Racers
                         where r.Wins > 15 && r.Country == "Brazil"
                         select new
                         {
                             Name = string.Format("{0} {1}", r.FirstName, r.LastName),
                             Country = r.Country,
                             Wins = r.Wins
                         };   //输出为含有Name,Country,Wins共计3个属性的对象集合

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selectMany用法

            var ferrariDrivers = Formulal.Racers.
            SelectMany(r => r.Cars,
            (r, c) => new { Racer = r, Car = c }).
            Where(r => r.Car == "Ferrari").
            OrderBy(r => r.Racer.LastName).
            Select(r => r.Racer.FirstName + " " + r.Racer.LastName);//筛选出驾驶法拉利的选手集合

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3排序運算子

改變傳回元素的順序

##排序運算子##描述OrderBy升序排序OrderByDescending#降序排序##ThenBy第一次排序結果類似，用第二次升序排序ThenByDescending第一次排序結果類似，用第二次降序排序Reverse#反轉集合中元素的順序

範例：

    var racers = from r in Formulal.Racers                          
    where r.Country == "Brazil"
                          orderby r.Wins descending
                          select new
                          {
                              Name = string.Format("{0} {1}", r.FirstName, r.LastName),
                              Country = r.Country,
                              Wins = r.Wins
                          };//国家为巴西，按照胜场次数降序排列

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4連接運算子用於合併不直接相關的集合連接運算子描述Join可以根據鍵選擇器函數連接連接2個集合GroupJoin連接兩個集合,組合其結果

//Join连接
            //获取冠军年份在2003年后的选手
            var racer5 = from r in Formulal.Racers                
            from y in r.Years                
            where y > 2003
                select new
                {
                    Year = y,
                    Name = string.Format("{0} {1}", r.FirstName, r.LastName)
                };            //获取冠军年份在2003年后的团队
            var team1 = from r in Formulal.ChampionTeams                         
            from y in r.Years                         
            where y > 2003
                         select new
                         {
                             Year = y,
                             Name = string.Format("{0}", r.Name)
                         };            
                         //连接
            var racerAndTeams = from r in racer5                
            join t in team1 on r.Year equals t.Year                
            select new
                {
                    Yearj= r.Year,
                    Racerj = r.Name,
                    Teamj = t.Name
                };

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結果：TeamjRacerj=Michael SchumacherRacerj=Fernando AlonsoRacerj=Fernando Alonso##Yearj=2007Racerj=Kimi RäikkönenTeamj =FerrariYearj=2008Racerj=Lewis HamiltonTeamj =FerrariYearj=2014Racerj=Lewis Hamilton#Teamj =MercedesTeamj =MercedesTeamj =Brawn GPTeamj =Red Bull RacingTeamj =Red Bull Racing



	Yearj	Racerj
		#Yearj=2004
#Teamj =Ferrari		Yearj=2005
Teamj =Renault		#Yearj=2006
#Teamj =Renault


	##Yearj=2015	Racerj=Lewis Hamilton
	Yearj=2009	Racerj=Jenson Button
	#Yearj=2010	Racerj=Sebastian Vettel
	Yearj=2011	Racerj=Sebastian Vettel

Yearj=2012

Racerj=Sebastian Vettel#Teamj = Red Bull RacingRacerj=Sebastian VettelTeamj =Red Bull Racing#5組合運算子把資料放在群組中#組合運算子##描述

	Yearj=2013

#GroupBy#組合有公共鍵的元素ToLookUp透過建立一對多的字典，來組合元素。

 var countries = from r in Formulal.Racers                            
 group r by r.Country into g                            
 orderby g.Count() descending, g.Key                            
 where g.Count() > 2
                            select new 
                            { 
                                Country = g.Key, 
                                Count = g.Count() 
                            };//获取冠军次数大于2的国家

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結果：Country


	GroupBy用法範例：

## CountUK#BrazilFinland



10
3

#6量字運算子如果元素序列滿足指定的條件,量詞運算子就傳回布林值#組合運算子說明 Any#AllContains#

            List<int> intList1 = new List<int>(5) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};           
            bool any3 = intList1.Any(r => r == 3);//确定集合中是否有3，返回true
            bool any0 = intList1.Any(r => r == 0);//确定集合中是否有0，返回false
            bool allMoreZero = intList1.All(r => r > 0);//确定序列中所有元素都满足大于0，返回true
            bool allMore2 = intList1.All(r => r > 2); //返回false
            bool contains3 = intList1.Contains(3); //元素3是否在集合中，true

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7分區運算子



確定集合中是否有滿足謂詞函數的元素
確定集合中是否都滿足謂詞函數的元素
檢查某個元素是否存在集合中

###分區操作符，傳回一個子集。使用它們可以得到部分結果。 ###############分區運算子######描述##################Take######必須制定提取元素的數量############Skip######跳過指定的元素個數，提取其他元素###########TakeWhile ######提取條件為真的元素############SkipWhile######跳過條件為真的元素############

            int pageSize = 5;            
            int numberPages = (int)Math.Ceiling(Formulal.Racers.Count() / (double)pageSize);            
            for (int page = 0; page < numberPages; page++)
            {                var racersPartition =
                    (from r in Formulal.Racers                     
                    orderby r.LastName, r.FirstName                     
                    select r.FirstName + " " + r.LastName).Skip(page * pageSize).Take(pageSize);                       
            }

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结果：

Page 0Fernando Alons
Mario Andretti
Alberto Ascari
Jack Brabham
Jenson ButtonPage 1Jim Clark
Juan Manuel Fa
Nino Farina
Emerson Fittipaldi
Mika Hakkinen
Page 2Lewis Hamilton
Mike Hawthorn
Damon Hill
Graham Hill
Phil Hill

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8集合操作符（Set operators）

集合操作符返回一个集合。除了Distinct之外，其他都需要2个集合。

集合操作符	描述
Distinct	从集合中删除重复的元素
Union	返回出现在其中一个集合中的唯一元素
Intersect	交集
Except	只出现在一个集合中的元素
Zip	通过使用指定的谓词函数合并2个集合

应用举例：

            List<int> intList1 = new List<int>(5) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,3};            
            List<int> intList2 = new List<int>(3) {2, 5, 0};            
            var delDuplic = intList1.Distinct(); //去重，结果{1,2,3,4,5}
            var unionList = intList1.Union(intList2); //并集,结果{1,2,3,4,5,0}
            var interList = intList1.Intersect(intList2); //交集，结果{2,5}
            var exceptList = intList1.Except(intList2);//差集，结果{1,3,4}
            var exceptList2 = intList2.Except(intList1);//差集，结果{0}
            var unionList2 = intList1.Zip(intList2,((i1, i2) => i1+", "+i2));
             结果：{{1,2}{2,5}{3,0}}

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9元素操作符（Element operators）

这些元素操作符仅返回一个元素。

元素操作符	描述
First	返回第一个满足条件的元素
FirstOrDefault	返回第一个满足条件的元素，但如果没有找到满足条件的元素,就返回类型的默认值
Last	返回最后一个满足条件的元素
LastOrDefault	返回最后一个满足条件的元素，但如果没有找到满足条件的元素,就返回类型的默认值
ElementAt	指定了要返回的元素的位置
ElementAtOrDefault	指定了要返回的元素的位置，但如果没有找到满足条件的元素,就返回类型的默认值
Single	只返回一个满足条件的元素，如果有多个满足条件，就抛出一个异常。
SingleOrDefault	只返回一个满足条件的元素，但如果没有找到满足条件的元素,就返回类型的默认值

应用举例：

List<int> intList1 = new List<int>(5) { 1, 8, 3, 4, 5, 3 };
int firstMore1 = intList1.First(r => r > 1);
//结果：8int firstMore17 = intList1.FirstOrDefault(r => r > 17); 
//结果：0（因为不存在）int lastMore3 = intList1.Last(r => r > 3); 
//结果5int last = intList1.ElementAt(2); 
//结果3,（索引从0开始）

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10聚合操作符（Aggregate operators）

聚合操作符计算集合的一个值。利用这些聚合操作符 ,可以计算所有值的总和、所有元
素的个数、值最大和最小的元素 ,以及平均值等

聚合操作符	描述
Count	所有值的个数
Sum	所有值的综合
Min	所有值的的最小值
Max	所有值的的最大值
Average	所有值的平均数

            public class MyIntClass
            {                
            public string Name { get; set; }                
            public int Integar { get; set; }                
            public MyIntClass(string name, int i)
                {                    
                this.Name = name;                    
                this.Integar = Integar;
                }
            }
            List<MyIntClass> intList1 = new List<MyIntClass>(5) 
            { 
                new MyIntClass("first",1),                
                new MyIntClass("second",8) ,                
                new MyIntClass("third",3) ,                
                new MyIntClass("fourth",4) ,                
                new MyIntClass("fifth",5) ,                
                new MyIntClass("sixth",3) 
            };            
            int count = intList1.Count;            
            int sum = intList1.Sum(r=>r.Integar);            
            int min = intList1.Min(r => r.Integar);            
            int max = intList1.Max(r => r.Integar);            
            double average = intList1.Average(r => r.Integar);

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11转换操作符（Conversion operators）

转换操作符将集合转换为数组 :IEnumberable、 IList, IDictionary 等。

Conversion operators	描述
ToArray	集合转化为Array
AsEnumerable	返回类型为IEnumerable< T>
ToList	集合转化为List
ToDictionary	集合转化为Dictionary
Cast< TResult>	映射

还是上面的例子

         IEnumerable<MyIntClass> ienuList = from r in intList1 where r.Integar > 3 select r; //返回默认的IEnumerable集合
         List<MyIntClass> ienuList2 = (from r in intList1 where r.Integar > 3 select r).ToList(); //返回List
         MyIntClass[] ienuList2 = (from r in intList1 where r.Integar > 3 select r).ToArray();//返回数组
         var dict = (from r in intList1 where r.Integar > 3 select r).ToDictionary(r=>r.Name,r=>r.Integar); //字典，key是name, value：Integar
         IEnumerable<MyIntClass> ienuList2 = (from r in intList1 where r.Integar > 3 select r).AsEnumerable();

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12生成操作符（Generation operators）

这些生成操作符返回一个新集合

Generation operators	描述
Empty	集合是空的
Range	返回一系列数字
Repeat	返回始终重复一个值的集合

IEnumerable<int> ints = Enumerable.Range(3, 10);
//{3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}IEnumerable<int> emptyInts =  Enumerable.Empty<int>();
//生成一个空集合IEnumerable<int> ints2= Enumerable.Repeat(6,8);
//生成8个6的集合

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附：展示所用到的实体类和数据

选手实体类

   //选手实体类
   public class Racer 
    {        public Racer(string firstName = null, string lastName = null, 
    string country = null, int starts = 0,int wins = 0, IEnumerable<int> years = null, IEnumerable<string> cars = null)
        {            this.FirstName = firstName;            
        this.LastName = lastName;            
        this.Country = country;            
        this.Starts = starts;            
        this.Wins = wins;            
        var yearList = new List<int>();            
        if (years != null)
            {                
            foreach (var year in years)
                {
                    yearList.Add(year);
                }                this.Years = yearList.ToArray();
            }            if (cars != null)
            {                var carList = new List<string>();                
            foreach (var car in cars)
                {
                    carList.Add(car);
                }                
                this.Cars = carList.ToArray();
            }           public string FirstName { get; set; }          
             public string LastName { get; set; }           //赢得比赛的次数
           public int Wins { get; set; }           //所属国家
           public string Country { get; set; }           //开始做的年龄
           public int Starts { get; set; }           //车型数组
           public string[] Cars { get; private set; }           //赢得冠军的年份
           public int[] Years { get; private set; }   
         }
      }

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选手数据

//选手实体类
   public class Racer 
    {
        public Racer(string firstName = null, string lastName = null, string country = null, int starts = 0,int wins = 0, 
        IEnumerable<int> years = null, IEnumerable<string> cars = null)
        {
            this.FirstName = firstName;
            this.LastName = lastName;
            this.Country = country;
            this.Starts = starts;
            this.Wins = wins;
            var yearList = new List<int>();
            if (years != null)
            {
                foreach (var year in years)
                {
                    yearList.Add(year);
                }
                this.Years = yearList.ToArray();
            }
            if (cars != null)
            {
                var carList = new List<string>();
                foreach (var car in cars)
                {
                    carList.Add(car);
                }
                this.Cars = carList.ToArray();
            }

           public string FirstName { get; set; }
           public string LastName { get; set; }
           //赢得比赛的次数
           public int Wins { get; set; }
           //所属国家
           public string Country { get; set; }
           //开始做的年龄
           public int Starts { get; set; }
           //车型数组
           public string[] Cars { get; private set; }
           //赢得冠军的年份
           public int[] Years { get; private set; }   
         }
      }
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选手数据

//选手List
        public static List<Racer> Racers = new List<Racer>(40)
        {         
                new Racer("Nino", "Farina", "Italy", 33, 5, new int[] { 1950 }, new string[] { "Alfa Romeo" }),
                new Racer("Alberto", "Ascari", "Italy", 32, 10, new int[] { 1952, 1953 }, new string[] { "Ferrari" }),
                new Racer("Juan Manuel", "Fangio", "Argentina", 51, 24, new int[] { 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957 }, 
                new string[] { "Alfa Romeo", "Maserati", "Mercedes", "Ferrari" }),
                new Racer("Mike", "Hawthorn", "UK", 45, 3, new int[] { 1958 }, new string[] { "Ferrari" }),
                new Racer("Phil", "Hill", "USA", 48, 3, new int[] { 1961 }, new string[] { "Ferrari" }),
                new Racer("John", "Surtees", "UK", 111, 6, new int[] { 1964 }, new string[] { "Ferrari" }),
                new Racer("Jim", "Clark", "UK", 72, 25, new int[] { 1963, 1965 }, new string[] { "Lotus" }),
                new Racer("Jack", "Brabham", "Australia", 125, 14, new int[] { 1959, 1960, 1966 }, new string[] { "Cooper", "Brabham" }),
                new Racer("Denny", "Hulme", "New Zealand", 112, 8, new int[] { 1967 }, new string[] { "Brabham" }),
                new Racer("Graham", "Hill", "UK", 176, 14, new int[] { 1962, 1968 }, new string[] { "BRM", "Lotus" }),
                new Racer("Jochen", "Rindt", "Austria", 60, 6, new int[] { 1970 }, new string[] { "Lotus" }),
                new Racer("Jackie", "Stewart", "UK", 99, 27, new int[] { 1969, 1971, 1973 }, new string[] { "Matra", "Tyrrell" }),
                new Racer("Emerson", "Fittipaldi", "Brazil", 143, 14, new int[] { 1972, 1974 }, new string[] { "Lotus", "McLaren" }),
                new Racer("James", "Hunt", "UK", 91, 10, new int[] { 1976 }, new string[] { "McLaren" }),
                new Racer("Mario", "Andretti", "USA", 128, 12, new int[] { 1978 }, new string[] { "Lotus" }),
                new Racer("Jody", "Scheckter", "South Africa", 112, 10, new int[] { 1979 }, new string[] { "Ferrari" }),
                new Racer("Alan", "Jones", "Australia", 115, 12, new int[] { 1980 }, new string[] { "Williams" }),
                new Racer("Keke", "Rosberg", "Finland", 114, 5, new int[] { 1982 }, new string[] { "Williams" }),
                new Racer("Niki", "Lauda", "Austria", 173, 25, new int[] { 1975, 1977, 1984 }, new string[] { "Ferrari", "McLaren" }),
                new Racer("Nelson", "Piquet", "Brazil", 204, 23, new int[] { 1981, 1983, 1987 }, new string[] { "Brabham", "Williams" }),
                new Racer("Ayrton", "Senna", "Brazil", 161, 41, new int[] { 1988, 1990, 1991 }, new string[] { "McLaren" }),
                new Racer("Nigel", "Mansell", "UK", 187, 31, new int[] { 1992 }, new string[] { "Williams" }),
                new Racer("Alain", "Prost", "France", 197, 51, new int[] { 1985, 1986, 1989, 1993 }, new string[] { "McLaren", "Williams" }),
                new Racer("Damon", "Hill", "UK", 114, 22, new int[] { 1996 }, new string[] { "Williams" }),
                new Racer("Jacques", "Villeneuve", "Canada", 165, 11, new int[] { 1997 }, new string[] { "Williams" }),
                new Racer("Mika", "Hakkinen", "Finland", 160, 20, new int[] { 1998, 1999 }, new string[] { "McLaren" }),
                new Racer("Michael", "Schumacher", "Germany", 287, 91, new int[] { 1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 }, 
                new string[] { "Benetton", "Ferrari" }),
                new Racer("Fernando", "Alonso", "Spain", 252, 32, new int[] { 2005, 2006 }, new string[] { "Renault" }),
                new Racer("Kimi", "Räikkönen", "Finland", 230, 20, new int[] { 2007 }, new string[] { "Ferrari" }),
                new Racer("Lewis", "Hamilton", "UK", 166, 43, new int[] { 2008, 2014, 2015 }, new string[] { "McLaren", "Mercedes" }),
                new Racer("Jenson", "Button", "UK", 283, 15, new int[] { 2009 }, new string[] { "Brawn GP" }),
                new Racer("Sebastian", "Vettel", "Germany", 156, 42, new int[] { 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 }, new string[] { "Red Bull Racing" })

        };

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团队实体类

    [Serializable]    public class Team
    {        public Team(string name, params int[] years)
        {            this.Name = name;            this.Years = years;
        }        public string Name { get; private set; }        
        public int[] Years { get; private set; }
    }

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团队数据

        //冠军团队List
        public static List<Team> ChampionTeams = new List<Team>()
        {            
        new Team("Vanwall", 1958),            
        new Team("Cooper", 1959, 1960),            
        new Team("Ferrari", 1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007,                
        2008),            new Team("BRM", 1962),            
        new Team("Lotus", 1963, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1978),            
        new Team("Brabham", 1966, 1967),            
        new Team("Matra", 1969),            
        new Team("Tyrrell", 1971),            
        new Team("McLaren", 1974, 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1998),            
        new Team("Williams", 1980, 1981, 1986, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997),            
        new Team("Benetton", 1995),            
        new Team("Renault", 2005, 2006),            
        new Team("Brawn GP", 2009),            
        new Team("Red Bull Racing", 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013),            
        new Team("Mercedes", 2014, 2015)
        };

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