如何使用python對資料庫(mysql)進行操作

一、資料庫基本操作

#1. 想允許在資料庫寫中文，可在建立資料庫時用下面指令

create database zcl charset utf8;

2. 查看students表格結構

desc students;

3. 查看建立students表格結構的語句

show create table students;

4. 刪除資料庫

drop database zcl;

5. 建立一個新的欄位

alter table students add column nal char(64);　

PS: 本身是很討厭上面這種“簡單解釋+代碼」的部落格。其實我當時在mysql終端寫了很多的實例，不過因為當時電腦運行一個看影片的軟體，導致我無法Ctrl+C/V。現在懶了哈哈~~

二、python連接資料庫

python3不再支援mysqldb。其替代模組為PyMySQL。 本文的例子是在python3.4環境。

1. 安裝pymysql模組

pip3 install pymysql

2. 連線資料庫，插入資料實例

import pymysql
#生成实例，连接数据库zcl
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', user='root', passwd='root', db='zcl')
#生成游标，当前实例所处状态
cur = conn.cursor()
#插入数据
reCount = cur.execute('insert into students(name, sex, age, tel, nal) values(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)',('Jack','man',25,1351234,"CN"))
reCount = cur.execute('insert into students(name, sex, age, tel, nal) values(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)',('Mary','female',18,1341234,"USA"))

conn.commit()  #实例提交命令

cur.close()
conn.close()
print(reCount)

#查看結果:

mysql> select* from students;+----+------+-----+-----+-------------+------+
| id | name | sex | age | tel         | nal  |
+----+------+-----+-----+-------------+------+
|  1 | zcl  | man |  22 | 15622341234 | NULL |
|  2 | alex | man |  30 | 15622341235 | NULL |
+----+------+-----+-----+-------------+------+
2 rows in set

3. 取得資料

import pymysql

conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', user='root', passwd='root', db='zcl')
cur = conn.cursor()

reCount = cur.execute('select* from students')

res = cur.fetchone()       #获取一条数据
res2 = cur.fetchmany(3)   #获取3条数据
res3 = cur.fetchall()     #获取所有(元组格式)
print(res)
print(res2)
print(res3)
conn.commit()

cur.close()
conn.close()

輸出:

(1, 'zcl', 'man', 22, '15622341234', None)
((2, 'alex', 'man', 30, '15622341235', None), (5, 'Jack', 'man', 25, '1351234', 'CN'), (6, 'Mary', 'female', 18, '1341234', 'USA'))
()

三、事務回滾

#交易回滾是在資料寫到資料庫前執行的，因此交易回滾conn.rollback()要在實例提交指令conn.commit()之前。 只要資料未提交就可以回滾，但回滾後ID卻是自增的。請看下面的範例:

插入3條資料(注意事務回滾):

import pymysql
#连接数据库zcl
conn=pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', user='root', passwd='root', db='zcl')
#生成游标，当前实例所处状态
cur=conn.cursor()
#插入数据
reCount=cur.execute('insert into students(name, sex, age, tel, nal) values(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)', ('Jack', 'man', 25, 1351234, "CN"))
reCount=cur.execute('insert into students(name, sex, age, tel, nal) values(%s,%s,%s,%s,%s)', ('Jack2', 'man', 25, 1351234, "CN"))
reCount=cur.execute('insert into students(name, sex, age, tel, nal) values(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)', ('Mary', 'female', 18, 1341234, "USA"))

conn.rollback()      #事务回滚
conn.commit()        #实例提交命令

cur.close()
conn.close()
print(reCount)

未執行指令前與執行指令後(包含回滾操作)(注意ID號): 未執行上面程式碼與執行上面程式碼的結果是一樣的!!因為交易已經回滾，故students表不會增加資料!

mysql> select* from students;+----+------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
| id | name | sex    | age | tel         | nal  |
+----+------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
|  1 | zcl  | man    |  22 | 15622341234 | NULL |
|  2 | alex | man    |  30 | 15622341235 | NULL |
|  5 | Jack | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
|  6 | Mary | female |  18 | 1341234     | USA  |
+----+------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
4 rows in set

執行指令後(不包含回溯操作):只需將上面第11行程式碼註解。

mysql> select* from students;+----+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
| id | name  | sex    | age | tel         | nal  |
+----+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
|  1 | zcl   | man    |  22 | 15622341234 | NULL |
|  2 | alex  | man    |  30 | 15622341235 | NULL |
|  5 | Jack  | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
|  6 | Mary  | female |  18 | 1341234     | USA  |
| 10 | Jack  | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
| 11 | Jack2 | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
| 12 | Mary  | female |  18 | 1341234     | USA  |
+----+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
7 rows in set

總結：雖然交易回滾了，但ID還是自增了，不會因為回滾而取消，但這不影響資料的一致性 （底層的原理我不清楚~）

四、批次插入資料

import pymysql
#连接数据库zcl
conn = pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1', user='root', passwd='root', db='zcl')
#生成游标，当前实例所处状态
cur = conn.cursor()
li = [
    ("cjy","man",18,1562234,"USA"),
    ("cjy2","man",18,1562235,"USA"),
    ("cjy3","man",18,1562235,"USA"),
    ("cjy4","man",18,1562235,"USA"),
    ("cjy5","man",18,1562235,"USA"),
]

#插入数据
reCount = cur.executemany('insert into students(name,sex,age,tel,nal) values(%s,%s,%s,%s,%s)', li)

#conn.rollback()  #事务回滚
conn.commit()  #实例提交命令

cur.close()
conn.close()
print(reCount)

pycharm下輸出: 5

mysql終端顯示:

mysql> select* from students;   　  #插入数据前+----+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
| id | name  | sex    | age | tel         | nal  |
+----+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
|  1 | zcl   | man    |  22 | 15622341234 | NULL |
|  2 | alex  | man    |  30 | 15622341235 | NULL |
|  5 | Jack  | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
|  6 | Mary  | female |  18 | 1341234     | USA  |
| 10 | Jack  | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
| 11 | Jack2 | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
| 12 | Mary  | female |  18 | 1341234     | USA  |
+----+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
7 rows in set


mysql> mysql> select* from students;　　　#插入数据后+----+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
| id | name  | sex    | age | tel         | nal  |
+----+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
|  1 | zcl   | man    |  22 | 15622341234 | NULL |
|  2 | alex  | man    |  30 | 15622341235 | NULL |
|  5 | Jack  | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
|  6 | Mary  | female |  18 | 1341234     | USA  |
| 10 | Jack  | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
| 11 | Jack2 | man    |  25 | 1351234     | CN   |
| 12 | Mary  | female |  18 | 1341234     | USA  |
| 13 | cjy   | man    |  18 | 1562234     | USA  |
| 14 | cjy2  | man    |  18 | 1562235     | USA  |
| 15 | cjy3  | man    |  18 | 1562235     | USA  |
| 16 | cjy4  | man    |  18 | 1562235     | USA  |
| 17 | cjy5  | man    |  18 | 1562235     | USA  |
+----+-------+--------+-----+-------------+------+
12 rows in set

學完的東西要及時總結，有些東西忘了阿~_~

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