眾多語言都能進行爬蟲，但基於python的爬蟲顯得更加簡潔，方便。爬蟲也成了python語言中不可或缺的一部分。爬蟲的解析方式也是多樣化。上一篇告訴大家的是爬蟲的解析方式四：PyQuery，今天帶給大家的是另一種方式，XPath。
python爬蟲之xpath的基本使用
一、簡介
XPath 是一門在XML 文件中尋找資訊的語言。 XPath 可用於在 XML 文件中對元素和屬性進行遍歷。 XPath 是 W3C XSLT 標準的主要元素，而 XQuery 和 XPointer 都建構在 XPath 表達之上。
二、安裝
pip3 install lxml
#三、使用
11 、導入
from lxml import etree
2、基本使用
from lxml import etree
wb_data = """
<div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a>
</ul>
</div>
"""
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
print(html)
result = etree.tostring(html)
print(result.decode("utf-8"))從下面的結果來看，我們印表機html其實就是一個python對象，etree.tostring(html)則是一個python對象，etree.tostring(html)則是一個python對象，etree.tostring(html)則是一個python對象，etree.tostring(html)則是一個python對象，etree.tostring(html)不全裡html的基本寫法，補全了缺手臂少腿的標籤。
<Element html at 0x39e58f0>
<html><body><div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
</body></html>3、取得某個標籤的內容(基本上使用)，注意，取得a標籤的所有內容，a後面就不用再加正斜杠，否則報錯。
寫法一
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a')
print(html)
for i in html_data:
print(i.text)
<Element html at 0x12fe4b8> first item second item third item fourth item fifth item
寫法二（直接在需要尋找內容的標籤後面加上一個/text()就行）
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a/text()')
print(html)
for i in html_data:
print(i)
<Element html at 0x138e4b8> first item second item third item fourth item fifth item
4、開啟讀取html檔案
4、開啟讀取html檔案
4、開啟讀取html檔案
4、開啟讀取html檔案
#使用parse打开html的文件
html = etree.parse('test.html')
html_data = html.xpath('//*')<br>#打印是一个列表，需要遍历
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i.text)html = etree.parse('test.html') html_data = etree.tostring(html,pretty_print=True) res = html_data.decode('utf-8') print(res)
<div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li>
</ul>
</div>html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a/@href')
for i in html_data:
print(i)link1.html link2.html link3.html link4.html link5.html
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('/html/body/div/ul/li/a[@href="link2.html"]/text()')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)7、上面我們找到全部都是絕對路徑（每一個都是從根開始查找），下面我們查找相對路徑，例如，查找所有li標籤下的a標籤內容。
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li/a/text()')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)列印：
['first item', 'second item', 'third item', 'fourth item', 'fifth item'] first item second item third item fourth item fifth item
### 8、上面我們使用絕對路徑，找出了所有a標籤的屬性等於href屬性值，利用的是/---絕對路徑，下面我們使用相對路徑，找出l相對路徑下li標籤下的a標籤下的href屬性的值，注意，a標籤後面需要雙//。 ###
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li/a//@href')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)['link1.html', 'link2.html', 'link3.html', 'link4.html', 'link5.html'] link1.html link2.html link3.html link4.html link5.html
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li/a[@href="link2.html"]')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i.text)[<Element a at 0x216e468>] second item
10、查找最后一个li标签里的a标签的href属性
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li[last()]/a/text()')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)
打印：
['fifth item'] fifth item
11、查找倒数第二个li标签里的a标签的href属性
html = etree.HTML(wb_data)
html_data = html.xpath('//li[last()-1]/a/text()')
print(html_data)
for i in html_data:
print(i)
打印：
['fourth item'] fourth item
12、如果在提取某个页面的某个标签的xpath路径的话，可以如下图：
//*[@id="kw"]
解释：使用相对路径查找所有的标签，属性id等于kw的标签。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from scrapy.selector import Selector, HtmlXPathSelector
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
html = """<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<ul>
<li><a id='i1' href="link.html">first item</a></li>
<li><a id='i2' href="llink.html">first item</a></li>
<li><a href="llink2.html">second item<span>vv</span></a></li>
</ul>
<div><a href="llink2.html">second item</a></div>
</body>
</html>
"""
response = HtmlResponse(url='http://example.com', body=html,encoding='utf-8')
# hxs = HtmlXPathSelector(response)
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[2]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@id="i1"]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[@href="link.html"][@id="i1"]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[contains(@href, "link")]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[starts-with(@href, "link")]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]')
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/text()').extract()
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//a[re:test(@id, "i\d+")]/@href').extract()
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('/html/body/ul/li/a/@href').extract()
# print(hxs)
# hxs = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li/a/@href').extract_first()
# print(hxs)
# ul_list = Selector(response=response).xpath('//body/ul/li')
# for item in ul_list:
# v = item.xpath('./a/span')
# # 或
# # v = item.xpath('a/span')
# # 或
# # v = item.xpath('*/a/span')
# print(v)以上是爬蟲的解析方式五：XPath的詳細內容。更多資訊請關注PHP中文網其他相關文章！
