在linux中,gmake就是GUN make,是一種流行的、常用的用於構建C語言軟體的程序,用於構建Linux內核和其他常用的GNU/Linux程序和軟體庫。 GNU Make是一個可以自動執行shell命令並幫助執行重複任務的程式;它通常用於將檔案轉換成其他形式,例如將原始程式碼檔案編譯成程式或程式庫。
本教學操作環境:linux7.3系統、Dell G3電腦。
gmake就是GUN make,因為在linux外的平台上,make一般被佔用了,所以GUN make只好叫gmake了。
GNU Make是一種流行的、常用的用於建構C語言軟體的程式。用於建構Linux核心和其他常用的GNU/Linux程式和軟體庫。
大多數嵌入式軟體開發人員在職業生涯中的某個時候都會使用GNU Make,要么使用它來編譯小型庫,要么建立整個專案。儘管有很多很多的選項可以取代Make,但是由於它的特性集和廣泛的支持,它仍然通常被選擇為新軟體的建構系統。
本文解釋了GNU Make的一般概念和特性,並包括瞭如何最大限度地利用Make構建的建議!這是我最喜歡/最常用的Make概念和功能的簡要介紹.
什麼是GNU Make?
GNU Make是一個可以自動執行shell指令並幫助執行重複任務的程式。它通常用於將檔案轉換成其他形式,例如將原始程式碼檔案編譯成程式或程式庫。
它透過追蹤先決條件和執行命令層次結構來產生目標來實現這一點。
儘管GNU Make手冊很長,但我建議閱讀一下,因為它是我找到的最好的參考:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/index. html
何時選擇Make
Make適用於建置小型C/ c 專案或函式庫,這些專案或函式庫將包含在另一個項目的建構系統中。大多數建置系統都有辦法整合基於make的子專案。
對於較大的項目,您會發現更現代的建置系統更容易使用。
在以下情況下,我建議使用非Make的建置系統:
當正在建置的目標(或檔案)數量為(或最終將為)數百時。需要一個「配置」步驟,它設定和保存變數、目標定義和環境配置。此專案將保持內部或私有,將不需要由終端使用者建置。您會發現調試是一項令人沮喪的工作。您需要建立的是跨平台的,可以在macOS、Linux和Windows上建置。在這些情況下,您可能會發現使用CMake、Bazel、Meson或其他現代建置系統是一種更愉快的體驗。
呼叫Make
執行make將從目前目錄載入名為Makefile的文件,並嘗試更新預設目標(稍後會詳細介紹目標)。
Make將依序搜尋名為GNUmakefile、makefile和makefile的檔案
你可以使用-f/-file參數指定一個特定的makefile:
#$ make - f foo.mk 你可以指定任意數量的目標,列出它們作為位置參數:
#典型目標$ make clean all 你可以用-C參數傳遞Make目錄,它會運行Make,就像它首先被cd到那個目錄一樣。
$ make -C some/sub/directory 有趣的事實:git也可以和-C一起運行,達到同樣的效果!
並行呼叫
如果提供-j或-l選項,Make可以並行運行作業。我被告知的一個指導原則是,將作業限制設定為處理器核心數量的1.5倍:
#a machine with 4 cores: make -j make -j 有趣的是,我發現使用-l“負載限制”選項的CPU利用率比使用-j“工作”選項略好。儘管YMMV !
有幾種方法可以透過程式設計方式找到目前機器的CPU計數。一個簡單的方法是使用python multiprocessing.cpu_count()函數來獲得支援的系統的線程數量(注意與超線程系統,這將消耗大量的計算機資源,但可能是更可取的讓讓產生無限的工作)。
#在子shell中呼叫python的cpu_count()函數 make -l (python -c "import multiprocessing;print (multiprocessing.cpu_count())」)
並行呼叫期間的輸出
如果Make正在並行執行的命令有大量輸出,您可能會看到在stdout上交錯輸出。為了處理這個問題,Make有一個選項-output -sync。
我建議使用-output-sync=recurse,它將在每個目標完成時列印recipe的全部輸出,而不會分散其他recipe輸出。
如果recipe使用遞迴Make,它也會一起輸出整個遞歸Make的輸出。
對Makefile的剖析 Makefile包含用於產生目標的規則。 Makefile的一些基本元件如下所示:
#Comments are prefixed with the '#' symbol #A variable assignment FOO = "hello there!" #A rule creating target "test", with "test.c" as a prerequisite test: test.c # The contents of a rule is called the "recipe", and is # typically composed of one or more shell commands. # It must be indented from the target name (historically with # tabs, spaces are permitted) # Using the variable "FOO" echo $(FOO) # Calling the C compiler using a predefined variable naming # the default C compiler, '$(CC)' $(CC) test.c -o test
讓我們看看上面範例的每個部分。
變數
變數使用語法$(FOO),其中FOO是變數名稱。
變數包含純字串,因為Make沒有其他資料類型。附加到一個變數將會新增一個空格和新的內容:
FOO = one FOO += two # FOO is now "one two" FOO = one FOO = $(FOO)two # FOO is now "onetwo"
#變數賦值
##在GNU Make語法中,變數的賦值方式有兩種:右邊的表達式是逐字賦值給變數的-這很像C/ c 中的宏,在使用變數時對表達式求值:FOO = 1 BAR = $(FOO) FOO = 2 # prints BAR=2 $(info BAR=$(BAR))
FOO = 1 BAR := $(FOO) FOO = 2 # prints BAR=1 $(info BAR=$(BAR))
環境變數
環境變數被攜帶到Make執行環境中。以下面的makefile為例:$(info YOLO variable = $(YOLO))
$ YOLO="hello there!" make YOLO variable = hello there! make: *** No targets. Stop.
#默认CC为gcc CC ? = gcc
$ CC=clang make
CFLAGS = -Wall
$ CFLAGS='-Werror=conversion -Werror=double-promotion' make
最重要的變數
變數所使用的一個特殊類別稱為覆蓋變數。使用此命令列選項將覆蓋設定在環境中的或Makefile中的值!Makefile:# any value set elsewhere YOLO = "not overridden" $(info $(YOLO))
##
# setting "YOLO" to different values in the environment + makefile + overriding # variable, yields the overriding value $ YOLO="environment set" make YOLO='overridden!!' overridden!! make: *** No targets. Stop.
有針對性的變數這些變數只在recipe上下文中可用。它們也適用於任何必備配方!
# set the -g value to CFLAGS # applies to the prog.o/foo.o/bar.o recipes too! prog : CFLAGS = -g prog : prog.o foo.o bar.o echo $(CFLAGS) # will print '-g'
隱含變數這些都是由Make預先定義的(除非用同名的任何其他變數類型重寫)。一些常見的例子:
$(CC) - the C compiler (gcc) $(AR) - archive program (ar) $(CFLAGS) - flags for the C compiler Full list here: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Implicit-Variables.html
自動變數這些是Make設定的特殊變量,在recipe上下文中可用。它們對於防止重複的名字很有用(Don 't Repeat Yourself)。
一些常見的自動變數:
# $@ : the target name, here it would be "test.txt" test.txt: echo HEYO > $@ # $^ : name of all the prerequisites all.zip: foo.txt test.txt # run the gzip command with all the prerequisites "$^", outputting to the # name of the target, "$@" gzip -c $^ > $@ See more at: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Automatic-Variables.html
#目標(目標)目標是規則語法的左邊:
arget: prerequisite recipe
當呼叫Make時,你可以透過將其指定為位置參數來指定想要建構的target:
# make the 'test.txt' and 'all.zip' targets make test.txt all.zip
如果您没有在命令中指定目标,Make将使用makefile中指定的第一个目标,称为“默认目标”(如果需要,也可以覆盖默认目标)。
虚假phony目标
有时候设置元目标是很有用的,比如all, clean, test等等。在这些情况下,您不希望Make检查名为all/clean等的文件。
Make提供.PHONY目标语法,将目标标记为不指向文件:
假设我们的项目构建了一个程序和一个库foo和foo.a;如果我们想要 在默认情况下,我们可以创建一个'all'规则来构建两者 .PHONY:all all : foo foo.a
如果你有多个假目标,一个好的模式可能是将每个目标都附加到定义它的.PHONY中:
# the 'all' rule that builds and tests. Note that it's listed first to make it # the default rule .PHONY: all all: build test # compile foo.c into a program 'foo' foo: foo.c $(CC) foo.c -o foo # compile foo-lib.c into a library 'foo.a' foo.a: foo-lib.c # compile the object file $(CC) foo-lib.c -c foo-lib.o # use ar to create a static library containing our object file. using the # '$@' variable here to specify the rule target 'foo.a' $(AR) rcs $@ foo-lib.o # a phony rule that builds our project; just contains a prerequisite of the # library + program .PHONY: build build: foo foo.a # a phony rule that runs our test harness. has the 'build' target as a # prerequisite! Make will make sure (pardon the pun) the build rule executes # first .PHONY: test test: build ./run-tests.sh
请注意! !. phony目标总是被认为是过期的,因此Make将总是运行这些目标的配方(因此也运行任何具有. phony先决条件的目标!)小心使用! !
隐式规则
隐含规则由Make提供。我发现使用它们会让人感到困惑,因为在幕后发生了太多的行为。你偶尔会在野外遇到它们,所以要小心。
# this will compile 'test.c' with the default $(CC), $(CFLAGS), into the program # 'test'. it will handle prerequisite tracking on test.c test: test.o Full list of implicit rules here: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Catalogue-of-Rules.html
模式的规则
模式规则允许你编写一个通用规则,通过模式匹配应用于多个目标:
# Note the use of the '$<' automatic variable, specifying the first # prerequisite, which is the .c file %.o: %.c $(CC) -c $< -o $@
or
OBJ_FILES = foo.o bar.o # Use CC to link foo.o + bar.o into 'program'. Note the use of the '$^' # automatic variable, specifying ALL the prerequisites (all the OBJ_FILES) # should be part of the link command program: $(OBJ_FILES) $(CC) -o $@ $^
先决条件
如上所述,Make将在运行规则之前检查这些目标。它们可以是文件或其他目标。
如果任何先决条件比目标更新(修改时间),Make将运行目标规则。
在C项目中,你可能有一个将C文件转换为目标文件的规则,如果C文件发生变化,你希望目标文件重新生成:
foo.o: foo.c # use automatic variables for the input and output file names $(CC) $^ -c $@
自动的先决条件
对于C语言项目来说,一个非常重要的考虑是,如果C文件的#include头文件发生了变化,那么将触发重新编译。这是通过gcc/clang的-M编译器标志完成的,它将输出一个.d文件,然后用Make include指令导入。
.d文件将包含.c文件的必要先决条件,因此任何头文件的更改都会导致重新构建。
点击这里查看更多详情:
https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Automatic-Prerequisites.html
http://make.mad-scientist.net/papers/advanced-auto-dependency-generation/
基本形式可能是:
# these are the compiler flags for emitting the dependency tracking file. Note # the usage of the '$<' automatic variable DEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP -MF $<.d test.o: test.c $(CC) $(DEPFLAGS) $< -c $@ # bring in the prerequisites by including all the .d files. prefix the line with # '-' to prevent an error if any of the files do not exist -include $(wildcard *.d)
Order-only 先决条件
这些先决条件只有在不存在的情况下才会构建;如果它们比目标更新,则不会触发目标重新构建。
典型的用法是为输出文件创建一个目录;将文件发送到目录将更新其mtime属性,但我们不希望由此触发重新构建。
OUTPUT_DIR = build # output the .o to the build directory, which we add as an order-only # prerequisite- anything right of the | pipe is considered order-only $(OUTPUT_DIR)/test.o: test.c | $(OUTPUT_DIR) $(CC) -c $^ -o $@ # rule to make the directory $(OUTPUT_DIR): mkdir -p $@
recipe
“recipe”是创建目标时要执行的shell命令列表。它们被传递到子shell中(默认为/bin/sh)。如果target在recipe运行后更新,则认为规则是成功的(但如果没有更新,则不视为错误)。
foo.txt: # a simple recipe echo HEYO > $@
如果配方中的任何一行返回非零退出代码,Make将终止并打印一条错误消息。你可以通过前缀-字符来告诉Make忽略非零退出码:
.PHONY: clean clean: # we don't care if rm fails -rm -r ./build
在recipe行前面加上@将禁止在执行之前echo该行:
clean: @# this recipe will just print 'About to clean everything!' @# prefixing the shell comment lines '#' here also prevents them from @# appearing during execution @echo About to clean everything!
Make会在运行recipe上下文中展开变量/函数表达式,但不会处理它。如果你想访问shell变量,请使用$:
USER = linus print-user: # print out the shell variable $USER echo $$USER # print out the make variable USER echo $(USER)
function
Make函数的调用语法如下:
$(function-name arguments) 其中arguments是用逗号分隔的参数列表。
For example:
FILES=$(wildcard *.c) # you can combine function calls; here we strip the suffix off of $(FILES) with # the $(basename) function, then add the .o suffix O_FILES=$(addsuffix .o,$(basename $(FILES))) # note that the GNU Make Manual suggests an alternate form for this particular # operation: O_FILES=$(FILES:.c=.o)
用户定义函数
reverse = $(2) $(1) foo = $(call reverse,a,b) # recursive wildcard (use it instead of $(shell find . -name '*.c')) # taken from https://stackoverflow.com/a/18258352 rwildcard=$(foreach d,$(wildcard $1*),$(call rwildcard,$d/,$2) $(filter $(subst *,%,$2),$d)) C_FILES = $(call rwildcard,.,*.c)
shell函数
你可以让Make调用一个shell表达式并捕获结果:
TODAYS_DATE=$(shell date --iso-8601)
不过,我在使用这个功能时很谨慎;它会增加对你使用的任何程序的依赖,所以如果你正在调用更奇特的程序,确保你的构建环境是受控的(例如在容器中或使用Conda)。
make的条件表达式
FOO=yolo ifeq ($(FOO),yolo) $(info foo is yolo!) else $(info foo is not yolo :( ) endif # testing if a variable is set; unset variables are empty ifneq ($(FOO),) # checking if FOO is blank $(info FOO is unset) endif # "complex conditional" ifeq ($(FOO),yolo) $(info foo is yolo) else ifeq ($(FOO), heyo) $(info foo is heyo) else $(info foo is not yolo or heyo :( ) endif
make include
sources.mk:
SOURCE_FILES :=
bar.c
foo.c \
Makefile:
include sources.mk
OBJECT_FILES = $(SOURCE_FILES:.c=.o)
%.o: %.c (CC) -c ^ -o $@
make eval
# generate rules for xml->json in some weird world FILES = $(wildcard inputfile/*.xml) # create a user-defined function that generates rules define GENERATE_RULE = $(eval # prereq rule for creating output directory $(1)_OUT_DIR = $(dir $(1))/$(1)_out $(1)_OUT_DIR: mkdir -p $@ # rule that calls a script on the input file and produces $@ target $(1)_OUT_DIR/$(1).json: $(1) | $(1)_OUT_DIR ./convert-xml-to-json.sh $(1) $@ ) # add the target to the all rule all: $(1)_OUT_DIR/$(1).json endef # produce the rules .PHONY: all all: $(foreach file,$(FILES),$(call GENERATE_RULE,$(file)))
请注意,使用Make的这个特性的方法可能会让人很困惑,添加一些有用的注释来解释意图是什么,对您未来的自己会很有用!
VPATH
VPATH是一个特殊的Make变量,它包含Make在查找先决条件和目标时应该搜索的目录列表。
它可以用来将对象文件或其他派生文件发送到./build目录中,而不是把src目录弄得乱七八糟:
# This makefile should be invoked from the temporary build directory, eg: # $ mkdir -p build && cd ./build && make -f ../Makefile # Derive the directory containing this Makefile MAKEFILE_DIR = $(shell dirname $(realpath $(firstword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))) # now inform Make we should look for prerequisites from the root directory as # well as the cwd VPATH += $(MAKEFILE_DIR) SRC_FILES = $(wildcard $(MAKEFILE_DIR)/src/*.c) # Set the obj file paths to be relative to the cwd OBJ_FILES = $(subst $(MAKEFILE_DIR)/,,$(SRC_FILES:.c=.o)) # now we can continue as if Make was running from the root directory, and not a # subdirectory # $(OBJ_FILES) will be built by the pattern rule below foo.a: $(OBJ_FILES) $(AR) rcs $@ $(OBJ_FILES) # pattern rule; since we added ROOT_DIR to VPATH, Make can find prerequisites # like `src/test.c` when running from the build directory! %.o: %.c # create the directory tree for the output file echo $@ mkdir -p $(dir $@) # compile $(CC) -c $^ -o $@
touch file
# our tools are stored in tools.tar.gz, and downloaded from a server TOOLS_ARCHIVE = tools.tar.gz TOOLS_URL = https://httpbin.org/get # the rule to download the tools using wget $(TOOLS_ARCHIVE): wget $(TOOLS_URL) -O $(TOOLS_ARCHIVE) # rule to unpack them tools-unpacked.dummy: $(TOOLS_ARCHIVE) # running this command results in a directory.. but how do we know it # completed, without a file to track? tar xzvf $^ # use the touch command to record completion in a dummy file touch $@
调试makefile
对于小问题,我通常使用printf的Make等效函数,即$(info/warning/error)函数,例如当检查不工作的条件路径时:
ifeq ($(CC),clang) $(error whoops, clang not supported!) endif
要调试为什么规则在不应该运行的情况下运行(或者相反),可以使用——debug选项:https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Options-Summary.html
我建议在使用此选项时将stdout重定向到文件,它会产生大量输出。
profile
For profiling a make invocation (e.g. for attempting to improve compilation times), this tool can be useful:
https://github.com/rocky/remake
Check out the tips here for compilation-related performance improvements:
https://interrupt.memfault.com/blog/improving-compilation-times-c-cpp-projects
verbose flag
# Makefile for building the 'example' binary from C sources # Verbose flag ifeq ($(V),1) Q := else Q := @ endif # The build folder, for all generated output. This should normally be included # in a .gitignore rule BUILD_FOLDER := build # Default all rule will build the 'example' target, which here is an executable .PHONY: all: $(BUILD_FOLDER)/example # List of C source files. Putting this in a separate variable, with a file on # each line, makes it easy to add files later (and makes it easier to see # additions in pull requests). Larger projects might use a wildcard to locate # source files automatically. SRC_FILES = \ src/example.c \ src/main.c # Generate a list of .o files from the .c files. Prefix them with the build # folder to output the files there OBJ_FILES = $(addprefix $(BUILD_FOLDER)/,$(SRC_FILES:.c=.o)) # Generate a list of depfiles, used to track includes. The file name is the same # as the object files with the .d extension added DEP_FILES = $(addsuffix .d,$(OBJ_FILES)) # Flags to generate the .d dependency-tracking files when we compile. It's # named the same as the target file with the .d extension DEPFLAGS = -MMD -MP -MF $@.d # Include the dependency tracking files -include $(DEP_FILES) # List of include dirs. These are put into CFLAGS. INCLUDE_DIRS = \ src/ # Prefix the include dirs with '-I' when passing them to the compiler CFLAGS += $(addprefix -I,$(INCLUDE_DIRS)) # Set some compiler flags we need. Note that we're appending to the CFLAGS # variable CFLAGS += \ -std=c11 \ -Wall \ -Werror \ -ffunction-sections -fdata-sections \ -Og \ -g3 # Our project requires some linker flags: garbage collect sections, output a # .map file LDFLAGS += \ -Wl,--gc-sections,-Map,$@.map # Set LDLIBS to specify linking with libm, the math library LDLIBS += \ -lm # The rule for compiling the SRC_FILES into OBJ_FILES $(BUILD_FOLDER)/%.o: %.c @echo Compiling $(notdir $<) @# Create the folder structure for the output file @mkdir -p $(dir $@) $(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(DEPFLAGS) -c $< -o $@ # The rule for building the executable "example", using OBJ_FILES as # prerequisites. Since we're not relying on an implicit rule, we need to # explicity list CFLAGS, LDFLAGS, LDLIBS $(BUILD_FOLDER)/example: $(OBJ_FILES) @echo Linking $(notdir $@) $(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $^ $(LDLIBS) -o $@ # Remove debug information for a smaller executable. An embedded project might # instead using [arm-none-eabi-]objcopy to convert the ELF file to a raw binary # suitable to be written to an embedded device STRIPPED_OUTPUT = $(BUILD_FOLDER)/example-stripped $(STRIPPED_OUTPUT): $(BUILD_FOLDER)/example @echo Stripping $(notdir $@) $(Q)objcopy --strip-debug $^ $@ # Since all our generated output is placed into the build folder, our clean rule # is simple. Prefix the recipe line with '-' to not error if the build folder # doesn't exist (the -f flag for rm also has this effect) .PHONY: clean clean: - rm -rf $(BUILD_FOLDER)
$ V=1 make
make 建議
#讓Make發揮最大作用的建議清單:
target通常應該是真實的文件。當發出子MAKE指令時,總是使用(MAKE)。盡量避免使用.phony目標。如果規則產生任何檔案工件,請考慮將其作為目標,而不是冒名! 盡量避免使用隱含的規則。對於C文件,確保使用.d自動包含追蹤! 小心使用元編程。在規則中使用自動變數。總是嘗試使用@作為食譜輸出路徑,這樣你的規則和Make的路徑就完全相同了。在makefile中自由地使用註釋,特別是在使用了複雜的行為或微妙的語法時。你的同事(還有未來的自己)會感謝你的。使用-j或-l選項並行運行Make ! 盡量避免使用touch命令來追蹤規則完成.
#其他
##您還可能在開放原始碼專案中遇到automake(請尋找./configure腳本)。這是一個產生makefile的相關工具,值得一看(特別是如果您正在編寫需要廣泛移植的C軟體)。 今天有許多GNU Make的競爭者,我鼓勵大家去研究它們。一些例子:CMake非常流行(Zephyr專案使用了它),值得一看。它讓out-of-tree 建構非常容易Bazel使用宣告式語法(vs. Make的命令式方法) Meson是一個像cmake一樣的元建構器,但預設使用Ninja作為後端,可以非常快速#相關推薦:《Linux影片教學》
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