快取就是將資料從讀取較慢的媒體上讀取出來放到讀取較快的媒體上,如磁碟-->記憶體。
平常我們會將資料儲存到磁碟上,如:資料庫。如果每次都從資料庫去讀取,會因為磁碟本身的IO影響讀取速度,所以就有了像redis這種的記憶體快取。可以將資料讀取出來放到記憶體裡,這樣當需要取得資料時,就能夠直接從記憶體拿到資料返回,能夠很大程度的提高速度。
但是一般redis是單獨部署成集群,所以會有網路IO上的消耗,雖然與redis集群的連結已經有連接池這種工具,但是數據傳輸上還是會有一定消耗。所以就有了進程內緩存,如:caffeine。當應用程式內快取有符合條件的資料時,就可以直接使用,而不用透過網路到redis中去獲取,這樣就形成了兩級快取。應用程式內緩存叫做一級緩存,遠端緩存(如redis)叫做二級緩存。
系統是否需要快取CPU佔用:如果你有某些應用程式需要消耗大量的cpu去計算來獲得結果。
如果你的資料庫連線池比較空閒,就不應該使用快取來佔用資料庫的IO資源。當資料庫連線池處於繁忙狀態或經常報告連線不足的警告時,請考慮使用快取。
Redis用來儲存熱點數據,Redis中沒有的數據直接去資料庫存取。
已經有Redis了,幹嘛還需要了解Guava,Caffeine這些進程快取呢:
Redis如果不可用,這個時候我們只能存取資料庫,很容易造成雪崩,但一般不會出現這種情況。
訪問Redis會有一定的網路I/O以及序列化反序列化開銷,雖然效能很高但是其終究沒有本地方法快,可以將最熱的資料存放在本地,以便進一步加快訪問速度。這個想法並不是我們做互聯網架構獨有的,在電腦系統中使用L1,L2,L3多級緩存,用來減少對內存的直接訪問,從而加快訪問速度。
所以如果只是使用Redis,能滿足我們大部分需求,但是當需要追求更高的效能以及更高的可用性的時候,那就不得不了解多層緩存。
二級快取操作過程資料讀取流程描述
redis 與本機快取都查詢不到值的時候,會觸發更新過程,整個過程是加鎖的快取失效流程描述
redis更新刪除快取key都會觸發,清除redis快取後
元件是基於Spring Cache框架上改造的,在專案中使用分散式緩存,僅需要在快取註解上增加:cacheManager ="L2_CacheManager",或cacheManager = CacheRedisCaffeineAutoConfiguration.分散式二級快取
//这个方法会使用分布式二级缓存来提供查询 @Cacheable(cacheNames = CacheNames.CACHE_12HOUR, cacheManager = "L2_CacheManager") public Config getAllValidateConfig() { }
如果你想既使用分散式緩存,又想用分散式二級快取元件,那你需要向Spring注入一個@Primary 的CacheManager bean
@Primary @Bean("deaultCacheManager") public RedisCacheManager cacheManager(RedisConnectionFactory factory) { // 生成一个默认配置,通过config对象即可对缓存进行自定义配置 RedisCacheConfiguration config = RedisCacheConfiguration.defaultCacheConfig(); // 设置缓存的默认过期时间,也是使用Duration设置 config = config.entryTtl(Duration.ofMinutes(2)).disableCachingNullValues(); // 设置一个初始化的缓存空间set集合 Set<String> cacheNames = new HashSet<>(); cacheNames.add(CacheNames.CACHE_15MINS); cacheNames.add(CacheNames.CACHE_30MINS); // 对每个缓存空间应用不同的配置 Map<String, RedisCacheConfiguration> configMap = new HashMap<>(); configMap.put(CacheNames.CACHE_15MINS, config.entryTtl(Duration.ofMinutes(15))); configMap.put(CacheNames.CACHE_30MINS, config.entryTtl(Duration.ofMinutes(30))); // 使用自定义的缓存配置初始化一个cacheManager RedisCacheManager cacheManager = RedisCacheManager.builder(factory) .initialCacheNames(cacheNames) // 注意这两句的调用顺序,一定要先调用该方法设置初始化的缓存名,再初始化相关的配置 .withInitialCacheConfigurations(configMap) .build(); return cacheManager; }
然後:
//这个方法会使用分布式二级缓存 @Cacheable(cacheNames = CacheNames.CACHE_12HOUR, cacheManager = "L2_CacheManager") public Config getAllValidateConfig() { } //这个方法会使用分布式缓存 @Cacheable(cacheNames = CacheNames.CACHE_12HOUR) public Config getAllValidateConfig2() { }
核心其實就是實作org.springframework.cache.CacheManager介面與繼承org.springframework.cache.support.AbstractValueAdaptingCache,在Spring快取框架下實作快取的讀與寫。
RedisCaffeineCacheManager實作CacheManager 介面
RedisCaffeineCacheManager.class 主要來管理快取實例,根據不同的 CacheNames 產生對應的快取管理bean,然後放入一個map。
package com.axin.idea.rediscaffeinecachestarter.support; import com.axin.idea.rediscaffeinecachestarter.CacheRedisCaffeineProperties; import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Caffeine; import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.stats.CacheStats; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.slf4j.Logger; import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory; import org.springframework.cache.Cache; import org.springframework.cache.CacheManager; import org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate; import org.springframework.util.CollectionUtils; import java.util.*; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; @Slf4j public class RedisCaffeineCacheManager implements CacheManager { private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RedisCaffeineCacheManager.class); private static ConcurrentMap<String, Cache> cacheMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Cache>(); private CacheRedisCaffeineProperties cacheRedisCaffeineProperties; private RedisTemplate<Object, Object> stringKeyRedisTemplate; private boolean dynamic = true; private Set<String> cacheNames; { cacheNames = new HashSet<>(); cacheNames.add(CacheNames.CACHE_15MINS); cacheNames.add(CacheNames.CACHE_30MINS); cacheNames.add(CacheNames.CACHE_60MINS); cacheNames.add(CacheNames.CACHE_180MINS); cacheNames.add(CacheNames.CACHE_12HOUR); } public RedisCaffeineCacheManager(CacheRedisCaffeineProperties cacheRedisCaffeineProperties, RedisTemplate<Object, Object> stringKeyRedisTemplate) { super(); this.cacheRedisCaffeineProperties = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties; this.stringKeyRedisTemplate = stringKeyRedisTemplate; this.dynamic = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.isDynamic(); } //——————————————————————— 进行缓存工具 —————————————————————— /** * 清除所有进程缓存 */ public void clearAllCache() { stringKeyRedisTemplate.convertAndSend(cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getRedis().getTopic(), new CacheMessage(null, null)); } /** * 返回所有进程缓存(二级缓存)的统计信息 * result:{"缓存名称":统计信息} * @return */ public static Map<String, CacheStats> getCacheStats() { if (CollectionUtils.isEmpty(cacheMap)) { return null; } Map<String, CacheStats> result = new LinkedHashMap<>(); for (Cache cache : cacheMap.values()) { RedisCaffeineCache caffeineCache = (RedisCaffeineCache) cache; result.put(caffeineCache.getName(), caffeineCache.getCaffeineCache().stats()); } return result; } //—————————————————————————— core ————————————————————————— @Override public Cache getCache(String name) { Cache cache = cacheMap.get(name); if(cache != null) { return cache; } if(!dynamic && !cacheNames.contains(name)) { return null; } cache = new RedisCaffeineCache(name, stringKeyRedisTemplate, caffeineCache(name), cacheRedisCaffeineProperties); Cache oldCache = cacheMap.putIfAbsent(name, cache); logger.debug("create cache instance, the cache name is : {}", name); return oldCache == null ? cache : oldCache; } @Override public Collection<String> getCacheNames() { return this.cacheNames; } public void clearLocal(String cacheName, Object key) { //cacheName为null 清除所有进程缓存 if (cacheName == null) { log.info("清除所有本地缓存"); cacheMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<>(); return; } Cache cache = cacheMap.get(cacheName); if(cache == null) { return; } RedisCaffeineCache redisCaffeineCache = (RedisCaffeineCache) cache; redisCaffeineCache.clearLocal(key); } /** * 实例化本地一级缓存 * @param name * @return */ private com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Cache<Object, Object> caffeineCache(String name) { Caffeine<Object, Object> cacheBuilder = Caffeine.newBuilder(); CacheRedisCaffeineProperties.CacheDefault cacheConfig; switch (name) { case CacheNames.CACHE_15MINS: cacheConfig = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getCache15m(); break; case CacheNames.CACHE_30MINS: cacheConfig = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getCache30m(); break; case CacheNames.CACHE_60MINS: cacheConfig = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getCache60m(); break; case CacheNames.CACHE_180MINS: cacheConfig = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getCache180m(); break; case CacheNames.CACHE_12HOUR: cacheConfig = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getCache12h(); break; default: cacheConfig = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getCacheDefault(); } long expireAfterAccess = cacheConfig.getExpireAfterAccess(); long expireAfterWrite = cacheConfig.getExpireAfterWrite(); int initialCapacity = cacheConfig.getInitialCapacity(); long maximumSize = cacheConfig.getMaximumSize(); long refreshAfterWrite = cacheConfig.getRefreshAfterWrite(); log.debug("本地缓存初始化:"); if (expireAfterAccess > 0) { log.debug("设置本地缓存访问后过期时间,{}秒", expireAfterAccess); cacheBuilder.expireAfterAccess(expireAfterAccess, TimeUnit.SECONDS); } if (expireAfterWrite > 0) { log.debug("设置本地缓存写入后过期时间,{}秒", expireAfterWrite); cacheBuilder.expireAfterWrite(expireAfterWrite, TimeUnit.SECONDS); } if (initialCapacity > 0) { log.debug("设置缓存初始化大小{}", initialCapacity); cacheBuilder.initialCapacity(initialCapacity); } if (maximumSize > 0) { log.debug("设置本地缓存最大值{}", maximumSize); cacheBuilder.maximumSize(maximumSize); } if (refreshAfterWrite > 0) { cacheBuilder.refreshAfterWrite(refreshAfterWrite, TimeUnit.SECONDS); } cacheBuilder.recordStats(); return cacheBuilder.build(); } }
RedisCaffeineCache 繼承 AbstractValueAdaptingCache
核心是get方法與put方法。
package com.axin.idea.rediscaffeinecachestarter.support; import com.axin.idea.rediscaffeinecachestarter.CacheRedisCaffeineProperties; import com.github.benmanes.caffeine.cache.Cache; import lombok.Getter; import org.slf4j.Logger; import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory; import org.springframework.cache.support.AbstractValueAdaptingCache; import org.springframework.data.redis.core.RedisTemplate; import org.springframework.util.StringUtils; import java.time.Duration; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; import java.util.Set; import java.util.concurrent.Callable; import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock; public class RedisCaffeineCache extends AbstractValueAdaptingCache { private final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RedisCaffeineCache.class); private String name; private RedisTemplate<Object, Object> redisTemplate; @Getter private Cache<Object, Object> caffeineCache; private String cachePrefix; /** * 默认key超时时间 3600s */ private long defaultExpiration = 3600; private Map<String, Long> defaultExpires = new HashMap<>(); { defaultExpires.put(CacheNames.CACHE_15MINS, TimeUnit.MINUTES.toSeconds(15)); defaultExpires.put(CacheNames.CACHE_30MINS, TimeUnit.MINUTES.toSeconds(30)); defaultExpires.put(CacheNames.CACHE_60MINS, TimeUnit.MINUTES.toSeconds(60)); defaultExpires.put(CacheNames.CACHE_180MINS, TimeUnit.MINUTES.toSeconds(180)); defaultExpires.put(CacheNames.CACHE_12HOUR, TimeUnit.HOURS.toSeconds(12)); } private String topic; private Map<String, ReentrantLock> keyLockMap = new ConcurrentHashMap(); protected RedisCaffeineCache(boolean allowNullValues) { super(allowNullValues); } public RedisCaffeineCache(String name, RedisTemplate<Object, Object> redisTemplate, Cache<Object, Object> caffeineCache, CacheRedisCaffeineProperties cacheRedisCaffeineProperties) { super(cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.isCacheNullValues()); this.name = name; this.redisTemplate = redisTemplate; this.caffeineCache = caffeineCache; this.cachePrefix = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getCachePrefix(); this.defaultExpiration = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getRedis().getDefaultExpiration(); this.topic = cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getRedis().getTopic(); defaultExpires.putAll(cacheRedisCaffeineProperties.getRedis().getExpires()); } @Override public String getName() { return this.name; } @Override public Object getNativeCache() { return this; } @Override public <T> T get(Object key, Callable<T> valueLoader) { Object value = lookup(key); if (value != null) { return (T) value; } //key在redis和缓存中均不存在 ReentrantLock lock = keyLockMap.get(key.toString()); if (lock == null) { logger.debug("create lock for key : {}", key); keyLockMap.putIfAbsent(key.toString(), new ReentrantLock()); lock = keyLockMap.get(key.toString()); } try { lock.lock(); value = lookup(key); if (value != null) { return (T) value; } //执行原方法获得value value = valueLoader.call(); Object storeValue = toStoreValue(value); put(key, storeValue); return (T) value; } catch (Exception e) { throw new ValueRetrievalException(key, valueLoader, e.getCause()); } finally { lock.unlock(); } } @Override public void put(Object key, Object value) { if (!super.isAllowNullValues() && value == null) { this.evict(key); return; } long expire = getExpire(); logger.debug("put:{},expire:{}", getKey(key), expire); redisTemplate.opsForValue().set(getKey(key), toStoreValue(value), expire, TimeUnit.SECONDS); //缓存变更时通知其他节点清理本地缓存 push(new CacheMessage(this.name, key)); //此处put没有意义,会收到自己发送的缓存key失效消息 // caffeineCache.put(key, value); } @Override public ValueWrapper putIfAbsent(Object key, Object value) { Object cacheKey = getKey(key); // 使用setIfAbsent原子性操作 long expire = getExpire(); boolean setSuccess; setSuccess = redisTemplate.opsForValue().setIfAbsent(getKey(key), toStoreValue(value), Duration.ofSeconds(expire)); Object hasValue; //setNx结果 if (setSuccess) { push(new CacheMessage(this.name, key)); hasValue = value; }else { hasValue = redisTemplate.opsForValue().get(cacheKey); } caffeineCache.put(key, toStoreValue(value)); return toValueWrapper(hasValue); } @Override public void evict(Object key) { // 先清除redis中缓存数据,然后清除caffeine中的缓存,避免短时间内如果先清除caffeine缓存后其他请求会再从redis里加载到caffeine中 redisTemplate.delete(getKey(key)); push(new CacheMessage(this.name, key)); caffeineCache.invalidate(key); } @Override public void clear() { // 先清除redis中缓存数据,然后清除caffeine中的缓存,避免短时间内如果先清除caffeine缓存后其他请求会再从redis里加载到caffeine中 Set<Object> keys = redisTemplate.keys(this.name.concat(":*")); for (Object key : keys) { redisTemplate.delete(key); } push(new CacheMessage(this.name, null)); caffeineCache.invalidateAll(); } /** * 取值逻辑 * @param key * @return */ @Override protected Object lookup(Object key) { Object cacheKey = getKey(key); Object value = caffeineCache.getIfPresent(key); if (value != null) { logger.debug("从本地缓存中获得key, the key is : {}", cacheKey); return value; } value = redisTemplate.opsForValue().get(cacheKey); if (value != null) { logger.debug("从redis中获得值,将值放到本地缓存中, the key is : {}", cacheKey); caffeineCache.put(key, value); } return value; } /** * @description 清理本地缓存 */ public void clearLocal(Object key) { logger.debug("clear local cache, the key is : {}", key); if (key == null) { caffeineCache.invalidateAll(); } else { caffeineCache.invalidate(key); } } //————————————————————————————私有方法—————————————————————————— private Object getKey(Object key) { String keyStr = this.name.concat(":").concat(key.toString()); return StringUtils.isEmpty(this.cachePrefix) ? keyStr : this.cachePrefix.concat(":").concat(keyStr); } private long getExpire() { long expire = defaultExpiration; Long cacheNameExpire = defaultExpires.get(this.name); return cacheNameExpire == null ? expire : cacheNameExpire.longValue(); } /** * @description 缓存变更时通知其他节点清理本地缓存 */ private void push(CacheMessage message) { redisTemplate.convertAndSend(topic, message); } }
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