使用 expvar 暴露 Go 程式運行指標
Pull 與Push
#與監控系統對接方式有兩種，一種是Pull（拉取） ，另外一種Push（推播）。
以 Prometheus 為例，應用程式透過暴露出 HTTP 接口，讓 Prometheus 週期性地透過該接口抓取指標，這就是 Pull。而 Push 是應用程式主動將指標推送給 PushGateway，而 Prometheus 則去 PushGateway 抓取資料。
Go 標準庫中有一個名為 expvar 的包，它的名字由 exp 和 var 兩部分組合而成，意味著導出變數。
expvar 為公共變數提供了標準化的接口，並透過 HTTP 以 Json 的格式將這些變數暴露出去，很適合採用 Pull 的方式與監控系統進行對接。
使用expvar 庫
expvar 是標準函式庫，意味著我們並不要額外的依賴，而且它還提供了一些開箱即用的指標。下面我們來學習一下該函式庫的使用。
當引用了 expvar 函式庫（<span style="font-size: 15px;">import "expvar"</span>），以下 init 函式將會自動呼叫。
func init() {
http.HandleFunc("/debug/vars", expvarHandler)
Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))
Publish("memstats", Func(memstats))
}此函數為我們註冊了 /debug/vars 路徑的 HTTP 服務，存取路徑將會得到 Json 格式的指標。
因此，我們還需要呼叫 ListenAndServe 綁定端口，並開始服務 HTTP 請求。
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)完整程式碼如下
package main
import (
_ "expvar"
"net/http"
)
func main() {
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}#將程式運行起來後，透過curl 請求，得到以下結果
$ curl localhost:8080/debug/vars
{
"cmdline": ["/var/folders/xk/gn46n46d503dsztbc6_9qb2h0000gn/T/go-build1657217338/b001/exe/main"],
"memstats": {"Alloc":278880,"TotalAlloc":278880,"Sys":8735760,"Lookups":0,"Mallocs":1169,"Frees":87,"HeapAlloc":278880,"HeapSys":3866624,"HeapIdle":2949120,"HeapInuse":917504,"HeapReleased":2899968,"HeapObjects":1082,"StackInuse":327680,"StackSys":327680,"MSpanInuse":28696,"MSpanSys":32640,"MCacheInuse":9600,"MCacheSys":15600,"BuckHashSys":3875,"GCSys":3826448,"OtherSys":662893,"NextGC":4194304,"LastGC":0,"PauseTotalNs":0,"PauseNs":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"PauseEnd":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"NumGC":0,"NumForcedGC":0,"GCCPUFraction":0,"EnableGC":true,"DebugGC":false,"BySize":[{"Size":0,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8,"Mallocs":41,"Frees":0},{"Size":16,"Mallocs":496,"Frees":0},{"Size":24,"Mallocs":63,"Frees":0},{"Size":32,"Mallocs":28,"Frees":0},{"Size":48,"Mallocs":134,"Frees":0},{"Size":64,"Mallocs":50,"Frees":0},{"Size":80,"Mallocs":17,"Frees":0},{"Size":96,"Mallocs":17,"Frees":0},{"Size":112,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":128,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":144,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":160,"Mallocs":18,"Frees":0},{"Size":176,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":192,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":208,"Mallocs":37,"Frees":0},{"Size":224,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":256,"Mallocs":12,"Frees":0},{"Size":288,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":320,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":352,"Mallocs":13,"Frees":0},{"Size":384,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":416,"Mallocs":30,"Frees":0},{"Size":448,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":480,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":512,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":576,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":640,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":704,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":768,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":896,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":1024,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":1152,"Mallocs":10,"Frees":0},{"Size":1280,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":1408,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1536,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":1792,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":2048,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":2304,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":2688,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":3072,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3200,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3456,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":4096,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":4864,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":5376,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6144,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":6528,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6784,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6912,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8192,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":9472,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":9728,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10880,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":12288,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":13568,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":14336,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":16384,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":18432,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0}]}
}可以看到，expvar 預設已提供了兩個指標，分別是程式執行指令（os.Args）和運行時記憶體分配（runtime.Memstats）資訊。
expvar 函式庫重點內容
expvar 中最重要的是 Publish 函數和 Var 介面。
func Publish(name string, v Var) {}Publish 函數簽章中需要兩個參數，name 是我們指定的指標名稱。例如上文expvar 的init 函數下<span style="font-size: 15px;">Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))</span>程式碼行，其中<span style="font-size: 15px;"> #cmdline</span>就是指標名，而<span style="font-size: 15px;">Func(cmdline)</span>則是實作了Var 介面的expvar.Func 類型變量。
Var 接口，它只定義了一個 String 方法。需要注意的是，該方法必須要傳回一個有效的 Json字串。
// Var is an abstract type for all exported variables.
type Var interface {
// String returns a valid JSON value for the variable.
// Types with String methods that do not return valid JSON
// (such as time.Time) must not be used as a Var.
String() string
}为了方便使用，expvar 库中提供了五种导出变量类型，它们均实现了 Var 接口。
type Int struct {
i int64
}
type Float struct {
f uint64
}
type Map struct {
m sync.Map // map[string]Var
keysMu sync.RWMutex
keys []string // sorted
}
type String struct {
s atomic.Value // string
}
type Func func() any我们分别通过调用 expvar.NewXXX 函数即可完成前四种类型的变量创建与指标注册。
intVar = expvar.NewInt(“metricName”) floatVar = expvar.NewFloat(“metricName”) mapVar = expvar.NewMap(“metricName”) stringVar = expvar.NewString(“metricName”)
例如 expvar.NewInt 函数，它会内部调用 Publish 方法完成指标名与 expvar.Int 类型变量的绑定。
func NewInt(name string) *Int {
v := new(Int)
Publish(name, v)
return v
}而 expvar.Func 类型，其实是为了让我们可以自定义导出类型。
例如，假如我们想要暴露以下定义的结构体
type MyStruct struct {
Field1 string
Field2 int
Field3 float64
}首先需要创建一个数据生成函数。它用于在每次调用 HTTP 服务路径时，通过该函数导出这里面的数据。
func MyStructData() interface{} {
return MyStruct{
Field1: "Gopher",
Field2: 22,
Field3: 19.99,
}
}最后，通过 Publish 函数注册指标名即可。
expvar.Publish("metricName", expvar.Func(MyStructData))完整示例
下面，我们给出一个覆盖五种导出变量类型的完整示例。
package main
import (
"expvar"
"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/host"
"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/load"
"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/mem"
"net/http"
"time"
)
type Load struct {
Load1 float64
Load5 float64
Load15 float64
}
func AllLoadAvg() interface{} {
return Load{
Load1: LoadAvg(1),
Load5: LoadAvg(5),
Load15: LoadAvg(15),
}
}
func LoadAvg(loadNumber int) float64 {
avg, _ := load.Avg()
switch loadNumber {
case 5:
return avg.Load5
case 15:
return avg.Load15
default:
return avg.Load1
}
}
func main() {
var (
aliveOfSeconds = expvar.NewInt("aliveOfSeconds")
hostID = expvar.NewString("hostID")
lastLoad = expvar.NewFloat("lastLoad")
virtualMemory = expvar.NewMap("virtualMemory")
)
expvar.Publish("allLoadAvg", expvar.Func(AllLoadAvg))
h, _ := host.HostID()
hostID.Set(h)
go http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
for {
aliveOfSeconds.Add(1)
vm, _ := mem.VirtualMemory()
lastLoad.Set(LoadAvg(1))
virtualMemory.Add("active", int64(vm.Active))
virtualMemory.Add("buffer", int64(vm.Buffers))
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
}
}在上述示例中，我们通过 gopsutil 库（介绍可见还在自己写 Go 系统监控函数吗一文）获取了一些系统信息，并展示了如何通过 expvar 中的各种变量类型将这些信息进行导出。
curl 访问 localhost:8080/debug/vars 结果如下
$ curl localhost:8080/debug/vars
{
"aliveOfSeconds": 1,
"allLoadAvg": {"Load1":1.69580078125,"Load5":1.97412109375,"Load15":1.90283203125},
"cmdline": ["/var/folders/xk/gn46n46d503dsztbc6_9qb2h0000gn/T/go-build3566019824/b001/exe/main"],
"hostID": "7a1a74f2-30fc-5bc1-b439-6b7aef22e58d",
"lastLoad": 1.69580078125,
"memstats": {"Alloc":256208,"TotalAlloc":256208,"Sys":8735760,"Lookups":0,"Mallocs":1089,"Frees":48,"HeapAlloc":256208,"HeapSys":3866624,"HeapIdle":2891776,"HeapInuse":974848,"HeapReleased":2859008,"HeapObjects":1041,"StackInuse":327680,"StackSys":327680,"MSpanInuse":19992,"MSpanSys":32640,"MCacheInuse":9600,"MCacheSys":15600,"BuckHashSys":3905,"GCSys":3851120,"OtherSys":638191,"NextGC":4194304,"LastGC":0,"PauseTotalNs":0,"PauseNs":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"PauseEnd":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"NumGC":0,"NumForcedGC":0,"GCCPUFraction":0,"EnableGC":true,"DebugGC":false,"BySize":[{"Size":0,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8,"Mallocs":35,"Frees":0},{"Size":16,"Mallocs":415,"Frees":0},{"Size":24,"Mallocs":71,"Frees":0},{"Size":32,"Mallocs":37,"Frees":0},{"Size":48,"Mallocs":141,"Frees":0},{"Size":64,"Mallocs":52,"Frees":0},{"Size":80,"Mallocs":20,"Frees":0},{"Size":96,"Mallocs":23,"Frees":0},{"Size":112,"Mallocs":14,"Frees":0},{"Size":128,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":144,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":160,"Mallocs":18,"Frees":0},{"Size":176,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":192,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":208,"Mallocs":42,"Frees":0},{"Size":224,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":256,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":288,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":320,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":352,"Mallocs":13,"Frees":0},{"Size":384,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":416,"Mallocs":33,"Frees":0},{"Size":448,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":480,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":512,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":576,"Mallocs":4,"Frees":0},{"Size":640,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":704,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":768,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":896,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":1024,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":1152,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":1280,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":1408,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1536,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1792,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":2048,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":2304,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":2688,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":3072,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3200,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":3456,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":4096,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":4864,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":5376,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6144,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6528,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6784,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6912,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8192,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":9472,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":9728,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10880,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":12288,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":13568,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":14336,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":16384,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":18432,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0}]},
"virtualMemory": {"active": 1957449728, "buffer": 0}
}总结
标准库 expvar 为需要导出的公共变量提供了一个标准化的接口，使用比较简单。
expvar 包内部定义的几种基础类型都相应给出了并发安全的操作方法，我们不需要去重复实现一遍，能够开箱即用。
但是， 在 https://go.dev/ 上統計的公共項目，該庫的 import 數量還不到 1萬。
#相比於其他標準函式庫的import 數量而言，expvar 的存在感太低了。
以上是使用 expvar 暴露 Go 程式運行指標的詳細內容。更多資訊請關注PHP中文網其他相關文章！
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為什麼我的Go程式無法正確使用GoQUIC函式庫？
Jun 09, 2023 pm 04:55 PM
最近，越來越多的人開始使用GoQUIC來建立網路應用程式。由於其高效的傳輸性能和可靠性，GoQUIC已成為許多專案的首選。但是，在實際使用過程中，一些開發者發現他們的Go程式無法正確使用GoQUIC程式庫。下面，我們就來分析一下可能導致Go程式無法正常使用GoQUIC函式庫的原因。 1.版本問題首先，你要確定你的GoQUIC版本是否是最新的。 GoQUIC經常更新，如果
Go 程式太大了，能要個延遲初始化不？
Aug 04, 2023 pm 05:23 PM
在公司的不斷發展中，一開始大多是大單體，改造慢了，一個倉庫會有使用十幾年的情況，倉庫的規模基本上是不斷增大的過程。
為什麼我的Go程式在運行時出現了'out of memory'錯誤？
Jun 09, 2023 pm 04:40 PM
Go是一種高效率的程式語言，提供了記憶體管理方面的特殊機制。然而，即使在使用這種語言的時候也有可能出現一些問題，例如「outofmemory」錯誤。那麼，為什麼我的Go程式會出現這種錯誤呢？記憶體洩漏記憶體洩漏是一種常見的問題，它在Go語言中同樣存在。當你的Go程式分配了大量的內存，並在執行某些操作後沒有徹底釋放這些內存時，就會出現內存洩漏問題。如果出現記憶體洩漏
為什麼我的Go程式中的異常處理無效？
Jun 10, 2023 am 10:13 AM
Golang（Go）是一門語言，它非常擅長處理錯誤和異常情況。與其他語言不同，Go透過簡單而有效的錯誤處理機制來處理異常情況。儘管Go的錯誤處理機制非常強大且靈活，但某些程式設計師在程式中實作錯誤處理時仍會遇到麻煩。這篇文章旨在幫助解決關於為什麼Go程式中的異常處理無效的問題，以及如何正確地處理異常情況。在Go中無效的異常處理通常是因為程式設計師未正確處理錯誤或誤
為什麼我的Go程式在執行時出現了'core dumped'錯誤？
Jun 09, 2023 pm 05:49 PM
在使用Go語言進行開發過程中，難免會遇到各種不同的錯誤。其中一個常見的錯誤是“coredumped”，這個錯誤訊息可能會讓一些開發者感到困惑。本文將說明這個錯誤的原因以及如何解決它。 「coredumped」的意思在Linux作業系統中，「coredumped」是一種錯誤訊息，它表示一個行程在執行過程中意外退出，並且已經產生了一個所謂的「core」檔案。這
