如何確保為本機「ping」實作所建立的 IPv4 封包的正確性？-Golang-PHP中文網

如何确保为本机“ping”实现创建的 IPv4 数据包的正确性？

php小編草莓將為大家介紹如何確保為本機「ping」實作創建的IPv4資料包的正確性。在網路通訊中，使用Ping指令可以測試主機之間的連通性。但是，在實際應用中，我們需要確保所傳送的IPv4封包的正確性，以避免出現錯誤或遺失的情況。為此，我們可以採取一些措施來確保資料包的準確性和完整性，從而確保我們獲得準確的Ping結果。接下來，讓我們一起來了解這些措施。

問題內容

概述

我一直在從事一個業餘項目，該項目本質上是一個網路故障排除工具。我的目的是加深對網路基礎知識的理解，並熟練使用作業系統提供的故障排除工具。

這是一個 CLI 應用程序，它將獲取主機名稱並嘗試診斷問題（如果有）。計劃是先實作 ping 和 traceroute，然後根據我的舒適程度逐步實現其他工具。

但是，我的 ping 實作並不準確，因為 IPv4 封包格式錯誤。這就是wireshark 必須說的話。

1   0.000000    192.168.0.100   142.250.195.132 ICMP    300 Unknown ICMP (obsolete or malformed?)

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程式碼

這是我實作 ping 的方法

<code>package ping

import (
    "encoding/json"
    "net"

    "github.com/pkg/errors"
)

var (
    IcmpProtocolNumber uint8 = 1
    IPv4Version        uint8 = 4
    IPv4IHL            uint8 = 5
    ICMPHeaderType     uint8 = 8
    ICMPHeaderSubtype  uint8 = 0
)

type NativePinger struct {
    SourceIP string
    DestIP   string
}

type ICMPHeader struct {
    Type     uint8
    Code     uint8
    Checksum uint16
}

type ICMPPacket struct {
    Header  ICMPHeader
    Payload interface{}
}

type IPv4Header struct {
    SourceIP       string
    DestinationIP  string
    Length         uint16
    Identification uint16
    FlagsAndOffset uint16
    Checksum       uint16
    VersionIHL     uint8
    DSCPAndECN     uint8
    TTL            uint8
    Protocol       uint8
}

type IPv4Packet struct {
    Header  IPv4Header
    Payload *ICMPPacket
}

func (p *NativePinger) createIPv4Packet() (*IPv4Packet, error) {
    versionIHL := (IPv4Version << 4) | IPv4IHL

    icmpPacket := &ICMPPacket{
        Header: ICMPHeader{
            Type: ICMPHeaderType,
            Code: ICMPHeaderSubtype,
        },
    }
    ipv4Packet := &IPv4Packet{
        Header: IPv4Header{
            VersionIHL:     versionIHL,
            DSCPAndECN:     0,
            Identification: 0,
            FlagsAndOffset: 0,
            TTL:            64,
            Protocol:       IcmpProtocolNumber,
            SourceIP:       p.SourceIP,
            DestinationIP:  p.DestIP,
        },
        Payload: icmpPacket,
    }
    ipv4Packet.Header.Length = 40

    bytes, err := json.Marshal(icmpPacket)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error converting ICMP packet to bytes")
    }

    icmpPacket.Header.Checksum = calculateChecksum(bytes)

    bytes, err = json.Marshal(ipv4Packet)
    if err != nil {
        return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "error converting IPv4 packet to bytes")
    }

    ipv4Packet.Header.Checksum = calculateChecksum(bytes)

    return ipv4Packet, nil
}

func calculateChecksum(data []byte) uint16 {
    sum := uint32(0)

    // creating 16 bit words
    for i := 0; i < len(data)-1; i++ {
        word := uint32(data[i])<<8 | uint32(data[i+1])
        sum += word
    }
    if len(data)%2 == 1 {
        sum += uint32(data[len(data)-1])
    }

    // adding carry bits with lower 16 bits
    for (sum >> 16) > 0 {
        sum = (sum & 0xffff) + (sum >> 16)
    }

    // taking one's compliment
    checksum := ^sum
    return uint16(checksum)
}

func (p *NativePinger) ResolveAddress(dest string) error {
    ips, err := net.LookupIP(dest)
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error resolving address of remote host")
    }

    for _, ip := range ips {
        if ipv4 := ip.To4(); ipv4 != nil {
            p.DestIP = ipv4.String()
        }
    }

    // The destination address does not need to exist as unlike tcp, udp does not require a handshake.
    // The goal here is to retrieve the outbound IP. Source: https://stackoverflow.com/a/37382208/3728336
    //
    conn, err := net.Dial("udp", "8.8.8.8:80")
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error resolving outbound ip address of local machine")
    }
    defer conn.Close()

    p.SourceIP = conn.LocalAddr().(*net.UDPAddr).IP.String()

    return nil
}

func (p *NativePinger) Ping(host string) error {
    if err := p.ResolveAddress(host); err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error resolving source/destination addresses")
    }

    packet, err := p.createIPv4Packet()
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error creating IPv4Packet")
    }

    conn, err := net.Dial("ip4:icmp", packet.Header.DestinationIP)
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error eshtablishing connection with %s", host)
    }
    defer conn.Close()

    bytes, err := json.Marshal(packet)
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error converting IPv4 packet into bytes")
    }

    _, err = conn.Write(bytes)
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error sending ICMP echo request")
    }

    buff := make([]byte, 2048)
    _, err = conn.Read(buff) // The implementation doesn't proceed beyond this point
    if err != nil {
        return errors.Wrapf(err, "error receiving ICMP echo response")
    }

    return nil
}

</code>

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自省

我不確定資料包的畸形是由單一原因還是多種原因造成的。我覺得問題出在這兩個地方之一（或兩者？）：

標頭長度計算不正確 我手動計算的長度為 40 位元組（wordsize = 4 位元組）。依照可防止結構體損壞的順序編寫結構體欄位。我參考這個來源來了解各種類型的大小。

<code>// 1 word (4 bytes)
type ICMPHeader struct {
    Type     uint8  // 8 bit
    Code     uint8  // 8 bit
    Checksum uint16 // 16 bit
}

// 3 words (3*4 = 12 bytes)
type ICMPPacket struct {
    Header  ICMPHeader  // 1 word
    Payload interface{} // 2 words
}

// 7 words (7*4 = 28 bytes)
type IPv4Header struct {
    // Below group takes 4 words (each string takes 2 words)
    SourceIP      string
    DestinationIP string

    // Following group takes 2 words (each 16 bits)
    Length         uint16
    Identification uint16
    FlagsAndOffset uint16
    Checksum       uint16

    // Below group takes 1 word (each takes 8 bits)
    VersionIHL uint8
    DSCPAndECN uint8
    TTL        uint8
    Protocol   uint8
}

// 10 words (40 bytes)
type IPv4Packet struct {
    Header  IPv4Header // 7 words as calculated above
    Payload ICMPPacket // 3 words as calculated above
}
</code>

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