iproute 安裝套件中 12個 ip 常用指令

Year after year, we have been using the ifconfig command to perform network-related tasks, such as checking and configuring network card information. But ifconfig is no longer maintained and has been deprecated in recent versions of Linux! The ifconfig command has been replaced by the ip command.

The

ip command is somewhat similar to the ifconfig command, but it is much more powerful and has many new functions. The ip command completes many tasks that the ifconfig command cannot.

This tutorial will discuss the 12 most common uses of the ip command, let’s get started.

Case 1: Check network card information

Check the network information such as IP address, subnet and other network card, use ip addr show command:

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show

或

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip a s

This will display the relevant network information of all available network cards in the system, but if you want to view the information of a certain network card, the command is:

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show enp0s3

Here enp0s3 is the name of the network card.

IP-addr-show-commant-output

Case 2: Enable/disable network card

Use the ip command to enable a disabled network card:

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 up

To disable the network card, use the down trigger:

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 down

Case 3: Assign IP address and other network information to the network card

To assign an IP address to the network card, we use the following command:

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.50/255.255.255.0 dev enp0s3

You can also use the ip command to set the broadcast address. By default, the broadcast address is not set. The command to set the broadcast address is:

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo  ip addr add broadcast 192.168.0.255 dev enp0s3

We can also use the following command to set the standard broadcast address based on the IP address:

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.10/24 brd + dev enp0s3

As shown in the above example, we can use brd instead of broadcast to set the broadcast address.

Case 4: Delete the IP address configured in the network card

If you want to delete an IP from the network card, use the following ip command:

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr del 192.168.0.10/24 dev enp0s3

Case 5: Add an alias for the network card (assuming the network card is named enp0s3)

添加别名，即为网卡添加不止一个 IP，执行下面命令：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.20/24 dev enp0s3 label enp0s3:1

ip-command-add-alias-linux

案例 6：检查路由/默认网关的信息

查看路由信息会给我们显示数据包到达目的地的路由路径。要查看网络路由信息，执行下面命令：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  ip route show

ip-route-command-output

在上面输出结果中，我们能够看到所有网卡上数据包的路由信息。我们也可以获取特定 IP 的路由信息，方法是：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route get 192.168.0.1

案例 7：添加静态路由

我们也可以使用 IP 来修改数据包的默认路由。方法是使用 ip route 命令：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.0.150/24

这样所有的网络数据包通过 192.168.0.150 来转发，而不是以前的默认路由了。若要修改某个网卡的默认路由，执行：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3

案例 8：删除默认路由

要删除之前设置的默认路由，打开终端然后运行：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip route del 192.168.0.150/24

注意： 用上面方法修改的默认路由只是临时有效的，在系统重启后所有的改动都会丢失。要永久修改路由，需要修改或创建 route-enp0s3 文件。将下面这行加入其中：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-enp0s3

172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3

保存并退出该文件。

若你使用的是基于 Ubuntu 或 debian 的操作系统，则该要修改的文件为 /etc/network/interfaces，然后添加 ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3 这行到文件末尾。

案例 9：检查所有的 ARP 记录

ARP，是地址解析协议Address Resolution Protocol的缩写，用于将 IP 地址转换为物理地址（也就是 MAC 地址）。所有的 IP 和其对应的 MAC 明细都存储在一张表中，这张表叫做 ARP 缓存。

要查看 ARP 缓存中的记录，即连接到局域网中设备的 MAC 地址，则使用如下 ip 命令：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  ip neigh

ip-neigh-command-linux

案例 10：修改 ARP 记录

删除 ARP 记录的命令为：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh del 192.168.0.106 dev enp0s3

若想往 ARP 缓存中添加新记录，则命令为：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh add 192.168.0.150 lladdr 33:1g:75:37:r3:84 dev enp0s3 nud perm

这里 nud 的意思是 “neghbour state”（网络邻居状态），它的值可以是：

• perm - 永久有效并且只能被管理员删除
• noarp - 记录有效，但在生命周期过期后就允许被删除了
• stale - 记录有效，但可能已经过期
• reachable - 记录有效，但超时后就失效了

案例 11：查看网络统计信息

通过 ip 命令还能查看网络的统计信息，比如所有网卡上传输的字节数和报文数，错误或丢弃的报文数等。使用 ip -s link 命令来查看：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip -s link

ip-s-command-linux

案例 12：获取帮助

若你想查看某个上面例子中没有的选项，那么你可以查看帮助。事实上对任何命令你都可以寻求帮助。要列出 ip 命令的所有可选项，执行：

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip help

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