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Apache 1.3 API notes
Warning
This document has not been updated to take into account changes made in the 2.0 version of the Apache HTTP Server. Some of the information may still be relevant, but please use it with care.
These are some notes on the Apache API and the data structures you have to deal with, etc. They are not yet nearly complete, but hopefully, they will help you get your bearings. Keep in mind that the API is still subject to change as we gain experience with it. (See the TODO file for what might be coming). However, it will be easy to adapt modules to any changes that are made. (We have more modules to adapt than you do).
A few notes on general pedagogical style here. In the interest of conciseness, all structure declarations here are incomplete -- the real ones have more slots that I'm not telling you about. For the most part, these are reserved to one component of the server core or another, and should be altered by modules with caution. However, in some cases, they really are things I just haven't gotten around to yet. Welcome to the bleeding edge.
Finally, here's an outline, to give you some bare idea of what's coming up, and in what order:
-
Basic concepts.
- Handlers, Modules, and Requests
- A brief tour of a module
-
How handlers work
- A brief tour of the
request_rec - Where request_rec structures come from
- Handling requests, declining, and returning error codes
- Special considerations for response handlers
- Special considerations for authentication handlers
- Special considerations for logging handlers
- A brief tour of the
- Resource allocation and resource pools
-
Configuration, commands and the like
- Per-directory configuration structures
- Command handling
- Side notes --- per-server configuration, virtual servers, etc.
Basic concepts
We begin with an overview of the basic concepts behind the API, and how they are manifested in the code.
Handlers, Modules, and Requests
Apache breaks down request handling into a series of steps, more or less the same way the Netscape server API does (although this API has a few more stages than NetSite does, as hooks for stuff I thought might be useful in the future). These are:
- URI -> Filename translation
- Auth ID checking [is the user who they say they are?]
- Auth access checking [is the user authorized here?]
- Access checking other than auth
- Determining MIME type of the object requested
- 'Fixups' -- there aren't any of these yet, but the phase is intended
as a hook for possible extensions like
SetEnv, which don't really fit well elsewhere. - Actually sending a response back to the client.
- Logging the request
These phases are handled by looking at each of a succession of modules, looking to see if each of them has a handler for the phase, and attempting invoking it if so. The handler can typically do one of three things:
-
Handle the request, and indicate that it has done so by
returning the magic constant
OK. -
Decline to handle the request, by returning the magic integer
constant
DECLINED. In this case, the server behaves in all respects as if the handler simply hadn't been there. - Signal an error, by returning one of the HTTP error codes. This terminates normal handling of the request, although an ErrorDocument may be invoked to try to mop up, and it will be logged in any case.
Most phases are terminated by the first module that handles them;
however, for logging, 'fixups', and non-access authentication checking,
all handlers always run (barring an error). Also, the response phase is
unique in that modules may declare multiple handlers for it, via a
dispatch table keyed on the MIME type of the requested object. Modules may
declare a response-phase handler which can handle any request,
by giving it the key */* (i.e., a wildcard MIME type
specification). However, wildcard handlers are only invoked if the server
has already tried and failed to find a more specific response handler for
the MIME type of the requested object (either none existed, or they all
declined).
The handlers themselves are functions of one argument (a
request_rec structure. vide infra), which returns an integer,
as above.
A brief tour of a module
At this point, we need to explain the structure of a module. Our
candidate will be one of the messier ones, the CGI module -- this handles
both CGI scripts and the ScriptAlias config file command. It's actually a great deal
more complicated than most modules, but if we're going to have only one
example, it might as well be the one with its fingers in every place.
Let's begin with handlers. In order to handle the CGI scripts, the
module declares a response handler for them. Because of ScriptAlias, it also has handlers for the
name translation phase (to recognize ScriptAliased URIs), the type-checking phase (any
ScriptAliased request is typed
as a CGI script).
The module needs to maintain some per (virtual) server information,
namely, the ScriptAliases in
effect; the module structure therefore contains pointers to a functions
which builds these structures, and to another which combines two of them
(in case the main server and a virtual server both have ScriptAliases declared).
Finally, this module contains code to handle the ScriptAlias command itself. This particular
module only declares one command, but there could be more, so modules have
command tables which declare their commands, and describe where
they are permitted, and how they are to be invoked.
A final note on the declared types of the arguments of some of these
commands: a pool is a pointer to a resource pool
structure; these are used by the server to keep track of the memory which
has been allocated, files opened, etc., either to service a
particular request, or to handle the process of configuring itself. That
way, when the request is over (or, for the configuration pool, when the
server is restarting), the memory can be freed, and the files closed,
en masse, without anyone having to write explicit code to track
them all down and dispose of them. Also, a cmd_parms
structure contains various information about the config file being read,
and other status information, which is sometimes of use to the function
which processes a config-file command (such as ScriptAlias). With no further ado, the
module itself:
/* Declarations of handlers. */
int translate_scriptalias (request_rec *);
int type_scriptalias (request_rec *);
int cgi_handler (request_rec *);
/* Subsidiary dispatch table for response-phase
* handlers, by MIME type */
handler_rec cgi_handlers[] = {
{ "application/x-httpd-cgi", cgi_handler },
{ NULL }
};
/* Declarations of routines to manipulate the
* module's configuration info. Note that these are
* returned, and passed in, as void *'s; the server
* core keeps track of them, but it doesn't, and can't,
* know their internal structure.
*/
void *make_cgi_server_config (pool *);
void *merge_cgi_server_config (pool *, void *, void *);
/* Declarations of routines to handle config-file commands */
extern char *script_alias(cmd_parms *, void *per_dir_config, char *fake,
char *real);
command_rec cgi_cmds[] = {
{ "ScriptAlias", script_alias, NULL, RSRC_CONF, TAKE2,
"a fakename and a realname"},
{ NULL }
};
module cgi_module = {
STANDARD_MODULE_STUFF, NULL, /* initializer */ NULL, /* dir config creator */ NULL, /* dir merger */ make_cgi_server_config, /* server config */ merge_cgi_server_config, /* merge server config */ cgi_cmds, /* command table */ cgi_handlers, /* handlers */ translate_scriptalias, /* filename translation */ NULL, /* check_user_id */ NULL, /* check auth */ NULL, /* check access */ type_scriptalias, /* type_checker */ NULL, /* fixups */ NULL, /* logger */ NULL /* header parser */ };
How handlers work
The sole argument to handlers is a request_rec structure.
This structure describes a particular request which has been made to the
server, on behalf of a client. In most cases, each connection to the
client generates only one request_rec structure.
A brief tour of the request_rec
request_rec contains pointers to a resource pool
which will be cleared when the server is finished handling the request;
to structures containing per-server and per-connection information, and
most importantly, information on the request itself.
The most important such information is a small set of character strings describing attributes of the object being requested, including its URI, filename, content-type and content-encoding (these being filled in by the translation and type-check handlers which handle the request, respectively).
Other commonly used data items are tables giving the MIME headers on
the client's original request, MIME headers to be sent back with the
response (which modules can add to at will), and environment variables for
any subprocesses which are spawned off in the course of servicing the
request. These tables are manipulated using the ap_table_get
and ap_table_set routines.
Note that the Content-type header value cannot
be set by module content-handlers using the ap_table_*()
routines. Rather, it is set by pointing the content_type
field in the request_rec structure to an appropriate
string. 例如，
r->content_type = "text/html";
Finally, there are pointers to two data structures which, in turn,
point to per-module configuration structures. Specifically, these hold
pointers to the data structures which the module has built to describe
the way it has been configured to operate in a given directory (via
.htaccess files or <Directory> sections), for private data it has built in the
course of servicing the request (so modules' handlers for one phase can
pass 'notes' to their handlers for other phases). There is another such
configuration vector in the server_rec data structure pointed
to by the request_rec, which contains per (virtual) server
configuration data.
Here is an abridged declaration, giving the fields most commonly used:
struct request_rec {
pool *pool;
conn_rec *connection;
server_rec *server;
/* What object is being requested */
char *uri;
char *filename;
char *path_info;
char *args; /* QUERY_ARGS, if any */
struct stat finfo; /* Set by server core;
* st_mode set to zero if no such file */
char *content_type;
char *content_encoding;
/* MIME header environments, in and out. Also,
* an array containing environment variables to
* be passed to subprocesses, so people can write
* modules to add to that environment.
*
* The difference between headers_out and
* err_headers_out is that the latter are printed
* even on error, and persist across internal
* redirects (so the headers printed for
* ErrorDocument handlers will have
them).
*/
table *headers_in;
table *headers_out;
table *err_headers_out;
table *subprocess_env;
/* Info about the request itself... */
int header_only; /* HEAD request, as opposed to GET */ char *protocol; /* Protocol, as given to us, or HTTP/0.9 */ char *method; /* GET, HEAD, POST, etc. */ int method_number; /* M_GET, M_POST, etc. */
/* Info for logging */
char *the_request;
int bytes_sent;
/* A flag which modules can set, to indicate that
* the data being returned is volatile, and clients
* should be told not to cache it.
*/
int no_cache;
/* Various other config info which may change
* with .htaccess files
* These are config vectors, with one void*
* pointer for each module (the thing pointed
* to being the module's business).
*/
void *per_dir_config; /* Options set in config files, etc. */ void *request_config; /* Notes on *this* request */
};
Where request_rec structures come from
Most request_rec structures are built by reading an HTTP
request from a client, and filling in the fields. However, there are a
few exceptions:
- If the request is to an imagemap, a type map (i.e., a
*.varfile), or a CGI script which returned a local 'Location:', then the resource which the user requested is going to be ultimately located by some URI other than what the client originally supplied. In this case, the server does an internal redirect, constructing a newrequest_recfor the new URI, and processing it almost exactly as if the client had requested the new URI directly. - If some handler signaled an error, and an
ErrorDocumentis in scope, the same internal redirect machinery comes into play. -
Finally, a handler occasionally needs to investigate 'what would happen if' some other request were run. For instance, the directory indexing module needs to know what MIME type would be assigned to a request for each directory entry, in order to figure out what icon to use.
Such handlers can construct a sub-request, using the functions
ap_sub_req_lookup_file,ap_sub_req_lookup_uri, andap_sub_req_method_uri; these construct a newrequest_recstructure and processes it as you would expect, up to but not including the point of actually sending a response. (These functions skip over the access checks if the sub-request is for a file in the same directory as the original request).(Server-side includes work by building sub-requests and then actually invoking the response handler for them, via the function
ap_run_sub_req).
Handling requests, declining, and returning error codes
As discussed above, each handler, when invoked to handle a particular
request_rec, has to return an int to indicate
what happened. That can either be
-
OK-- the request was handled successfully. This may or may not terminate the phase. -
DECLINED-- no erroneous condition exists, but the module declines to handle the phase; the server tries to find another. - an HTTP error code, which aborts handling of the request.
Note that if the error code returned is REDIRECT, then
the module should put a Location in the request's
headers_out, to indicate where the client should be
redirected to.
Special considerations for response handlers
Handlers for most phases do their work by simply setting a few fields
in the request_rec structure (or, in the case of access
checkers, simply by returning the correct error code). However, response
handlers have to actually send a request back to the client.
They should begin by sending an HTTP response header, using the
function ap_send_http_header. (You don't have to do anything
special to skip sending the header for HTTP/0.9 requests; the function
figures out on its own that it shouldn't do anything). If the request is
marked header_only, that's all they should do; they should
return after that, without attempting any further output.
Otherwise, they should produce a request body which responds to the
client as appropriate. The primitives for this are ap_rputc
and ap_rprintf, for internally generated output, and
ap_send_fd, to copy the contents of some FILE *
straight to the client.
At this point, you should more or less understand the following piece
of code, which is the handler which handles GET requests
which have no more specific handler; it also shows how conditional
GETs can be handled, if it's desirable to do so in a
particular response handler -- ap_set_last_modified checks
against the If-modified-since value supplied by the client,
if any, and returns an appropriate code (which will, if nonzero, be
USE_LOCAL_COPY). No similar considerations apply for
ap_set_content_length, but it returns an error code for
symmetry.
int default_handler (request_rec *r)
{
int errstatus;
FILE *f;
if (r->method_number != M_GET) return DECLINED;
if (r->finfo.st_mode == 0) return NOT_FOUND;
if ((errstatus = ap_set_content_length (r, r->finfo.st_size))
||
(errstatus = ap_set_last_modified (r, r->finfo.st_mtime)))
return errstatus;
f = fopen (r->filename, "r");
if (f == NULL) {
log_reason("file permissions deny server access", r->filename, r);
return FORBIDDEN;
}
register_timeout ("send", r);
ap_send_http_header (r);
if (!r->header_only) send_fd (f, r);
ap_pfclose (r->pool, f);
return OK;
}
Finally, if all of this is too much of a challenge, there are a few
ways out of it. First off, as shown above, a response handler which has
not yet produced any output can simply return an error code, in which
case the server will automatically produce an error response. Secondly,
it can punt to some other handler by invoking
ap_internal_redirect, which is how the internal redirection
machinery discussed above is invoked. A response handler which has
internally redirected should always return OK.
(Invoking ap_internal_redirect from handlers which are
not response handlers will lead to serious confusion).
Special considerations for authentication handlers
Stuff that should be discussed here in detail:
- Authentication-phase handlers not invoked unless auth is configured for the directory.
- Common auth configuration stored in the core per-dir
configuration; it has accessors
ap_auth_type,ap_auth_name, andap_requires. - Common routines, to handle the protocol end of things, at
least for HTTP basic authentication
(
ap_get_basic_auth_pw, which sets theconnection->userstructure field automatically, andap_note_basic_auth_failure, which arranges for the properWWW-Authenticate:header to be sent back).
Special considerations for logging handlers
When a request has internally redirected, there is the question of
what to log. Apache handles this by bundling the entire chain of redirects
into a list of request_rec structures which are threaded
through the r->prev and r->next pointers.
The request_rec which is passed to the logging handlers in
such cases is the one which was originally built for the initial request
from the client; note that the bytes_sent field will only be
correct in the last request in the chain (the one for which a response was
actually sent).
Resource allocation and resource pools
One of the problems of writing and designing a server-pool server is that of preventing leakage, that is, allocating resources (memory, open files, etc.), without subsequently releasing them. The resource pool machinery is designed to make it easy to prevent this from happening, by allowing resource to be allocated in such a way that they are automatically released when the server is done with them.
The way this works is as follows: the memory which is allocated, file opened, etc., to deal with a particular request are tied to a resource pool which is allocated for the request. The pool is a data structure which itself tracks the resources in question.
When the request has been processed, the pool is cleared. At that point, all the memory associated with it is released for reuse, all files associated with it are closed, and any other clean-up functions which are associated with the pool are run. When this is over, we can be confident that all the resource tied to the pool have been released, and that none of them have leaked.
Server restarts, and allocation of memory and resources for per-server configuration, are handled in a similar way. There is a configuration pool, which keeps track of resources which were allocated while reading the server configuration files, and handling the commands therein (for instance, the memory that was allocated for per-server module configuration, log files and other files that were opened, and so forth). When the server restarts, and has to reread the configuration files, the configuration pool is cleared, and so the memory and file descriptors which were taken up by reading them the last time are made available for reuse.
It should be noted that use of the pool machinery isn't generally
obligatory, except for situations like logging handlers, where you really
need to register cleanups to make sure that the log file gets closed when
the server restarts (this is most easily done by using the function ap_pfopen, which also arranges for the
underlying file descriptor to be closed before any child processes, such as
for CGI scripts, are execed), or in case you are using the
timeout machinery (which isn't yet even documented here). However, there are
two benefits to using it: resources allocated to a pool never leak (even if
you allocate a scratch string, and just forget about it); also, for memory
allocation, ap_palloc is generally faster than
malloc.
We begin here by describing how memory is allocated to pools, and then discuss how other resources are tracked by the resource pool machinery.
Allocation of memory in pools
Memory is allocated to pools by calling the function
ap_palloc, which takes two arguments, one being a pointer to
a resource pool structure, and the other being the amount of memory to
allocate (in chars). Within handlers for handling requests,
the most common way of getting a resource pool structure is by looking at
the pool slot of the relevant request_rec; hence
the repeated appearance of the following idiom in module code:
int my_handler(request_rec *r)
{
struct my_structure *foo;
...
foo = (foo *)ap_palloc (r->pool, sizeof(my_structure));
}
Note that there is no ap_pfree --
ap_palloced memory is freed only when the associated resource
pool is cleared. This means that ap_palloc does not have to
do as much accounting as malloc(); all it does in the typical
case is to round up the size, bump a pointer, and do a range check.
(It also raises the possibility that heavy use of
ap_palloc could cause a server process to grow excessively
large. There are two ways to deal with this, which are dealt with below;
briefly, you can use malloc, and try to be sure that all of
the memory gets explicitly freed, or you can allocate a
sub-pool of the main pool, allocate your memory in the sub-pool, and clear
it out periodically. The latter technique is discussed in the section
on sub-pools below, and is used in the directory-indexing code, in order
to avoid excessive storage allocation when listing directories with
thousands of files).
Allocating initialized memory
There are functions which allocate initialized memory, and are
frequently useful. The function ap_pcalloc has the same
interface as ap_palloc, but clears out the memory it
allocates before it returns it. The function ap_pstrdup
takes a resource pool and a char * as arguments, and
allocates memory for a copy of the string the pointer points to, returning
a pointer to the copy. Finally ap_pstrcat is a varargs-style
function, which takes a pointer to a resource pool, and at least two
char * arguments, the last of which must be
NULL. It allocates enough memory to fit copies of each of
the strings, as a unit; for instance:
ap_pstrcat (r->pool, "foo", "/", "bar", NULL);
returns a pointer to 8 bytes worth of memory, initialized to
"foo/bar".
Commonly-used pools in the Apache Web server
A pool is really defined by its lifetime more than anything else. There are some static pools in http_main which are passed to various non-http_main functions as arguments at opportune times. Here they are:
permanent_pool- never passed to anything else, this is the ancestor of all pools
pconf-
- subpool of permanent_pool
- created at the beginning of a config "cycle"; exists until the server is terminated or restarts; passed to all config-time routines, either via cmd->pool, or as the "pool *p" argument on those which don't take pools
- passed to the module init() functions
ptemp-
- sorry I lie, this pool isn't called this currently in 1.3, I renamed it this in my pthreads development. I'm referring to the use of ptrans in the parent... contrast this with the later definition of ptrans in the child.
- subpool of permanent_pool
- created at the beginning of a config "cycle"; exists until the end of config parsing; passed to config-time routines via cmd->temp_pool. Somewhat of a "bastard child" because it isn't available everywhere. Used for temporary scratch space which may be needed by some config routines but which is deleted at the end of config.
pchild-
- subpool of permanent_pool
- created when a child is spawned (or a thread is created); lives until that child (thread) is destroyed
- passed to the module child_init functions
- destruction happens right after the child_exit functions are called... (which may explain why I think child_exit is redundant and unneeded)
ptrans-
- should be a subpool of pchild, but currently is a subpool of permanent_pool, see above
- cleared by the child before going into the accept() loop to receive a connection
- used as connection->pool
r->pool-
- for the main request this is a subpool of connection->pool; for subrequests it is a subpool of the parent request's pool.
- exists until the end of the request (i.e., ap_destroy_sub_req, or in child_main after process_request has finished)
- note that r itself is allocated from r->pool; i.e., r->pool is first created and then r is the first thing palloc()d from it
For almost everything folks do, r->pool is the pool to
use. But you can see how other lifetimes, such as pchild, are useful to
some modules... such as modules that need to open a database connection
once per child, and wish to clean it up when the child dies.
You can also see how some bugs have manifested themself, such as
setting connection->user to a value from
r->pool -- in this case connection exists for the
lifetime of ptrans, which is longer than
r->pool (especially if r->pool is a
subrequest!). So the correct thing to do is to allocate from
connection->pool.
And there was another interesting bug in mod_include
/ mod_cgi. You'll see in those that they do this test
to decide if they should use r->pool or
r->main->pool. In this case the resource that they are
registering for cleanup is a child process. If it were registered in
r->pool, then the code would wait() for the
child when the subrequest finishes. With mod_include this
could be any old #include, and the delay can be up to 3
seconds... and happened quite frequently. Instead the subprocess is
registered in r->main->pool which causes it to be
cleaned up when the entire request is done -- i.e., after the
output has been sent to the client and logging has happened.
Tracking open files, etc.
As indicated above, resource pools are also used to track other sorts
of resources besides memory. The most common are open files. The routine
which is typically used for this is ap_pfopen, which takes a
resource pool and two strings as arguments; the strings are the same as
the typical arguments to fopen, 例如，
...
FILE *f = ap_pfopen (r->pool, r->filename, "r");
if (f == NULL) { ... } else { ... }
There is also a ap_popenf routine, which parallels the
lower-level open system call. Both of these routines arrange
for the file to be closed when the resource pool in question is
cleared.
Unlike the case for memory, there are functions to close files
allocated with ap_pfopen, and ap_popenf, namely
ap_pfclose and ap_pclosef. (This is because, on
many systems, the number of files which a single process can have open is
quite limited). It is important to use these functions to close files
allocated with ap_pfopen and ap_popenf, since to
do otherwise could cause fatal errors on systems such as Linux, which
react badly if the same FILE* is closed more than once.
(Using the close functions is not mandatory, since the
file will eventually be closed regardless, but you should consider it in
cases where your module is opening, or could open, a lot of files).
Other sorts of resources -- cleanup functions
More text goes here. Describe the the cleanup primitives in terms of
which the file stuff is implemented; also, spawn_process.
Pool cleanups live until clear_pool() is called:
clear_pool(a) recursively calls destroy_pool()
on all subpools of a; then calls all the cleanups for
a; then releases all the memory for a.
destroy_pool(a) calls clear_pool(a) and then
releases the pool structure itself. i.e.,
clear_pool(a) doesn't delete a, it just frees
up all the resources and you can start using it again immediately.
Fine control -- creating and dealing with sub-pools, with a note on sub-requests
On rare occasions, too-free use of ap_palloc() and the
associated primitives may result in undesirably profligate resource
allocation. You can deal with such a case by creating a sub-pool,
allocating within the sub-pool rather than the main pool, and clearing or
destroying the sub-pool, which releases the resources which were
associated with it. (This really is a rare situation; the only
case in which it comes up in the standard module set is in case of listing
directories, and then only with very large directories.
Unnecessary use of the primitives discussed here can hair up your code
quite a bit, with very little gain).
The primitive for creating a sub-pool is ap_make_sub_pool,
which takes another pool (the parent pool) as an argument. When the main
pool is cleared, the sub-pool will be destroyed. The sub-pool may also be
cleared or destroyed at any time, by calling the functions
ap_clear_pool and ap_destroy_pool, respectively.
(The difference is that ap_clear_pool frees resources
associated with the pool, while ap_destroy_pool also
deallocates the pool itself. In the former case, you can allocate new
resources within the pool, and clear it again, and so forth; in the
latter case, it is simply gone).
One final note -- sub-requests have their own resource pools, which are
sub-pools of the resource pool for the main request. The polite way to
reclaim the resources associated with a sub request which you have
allocated (using the ap_sub_req_... functions) is
ap_destroy_sub_req, which frees the resource pool. Before
calling this function, be sure to copy anything that you care about which
might be allocated in the sub-request's resource pool into someplace a
little less volatile (for instance, the filename in its
request_rec structure).
(Again, under most circumstances, you shouldn't feel obliged to call
this function; only 2K of memory or so are allocated for a typical sub
request, and it will be freed anyway when the main request pool is
cleared. It is only when you are allocating many, many sub-requests for a
single main request that you should seriously consider the
ap_destroy_... functions).
Configuration, commands and the like
One of the design goals for this server was to maintain external compatibility with the NCSA 1.3 server --- that is, to read the same configuration files, to process all the directives therein correctly, and in general to be a drop-in replacement for NCSA. On the other hand, another design goal was to move as much of the server's functionality into modules which have as little as possible to do with the monolithic server core. The only way to reconcile these goals is to move the handling of most commands from the central server into the modules.
However, just giving the modules command tables is not enough to divorce
them completely from the server core. The server has to remember the
commands in order to act on them later. That involves maintaining data which
is private to the modules, and which can be either per-server, or
per-directory. Most things are per-directory, including in particular access
control and authorization information, but also information on how to
determine file types from suffixes, which can be modified by
AddType and DefaultType directives, and so forth. In general,
the governing philosophy is that anything which can be made
configurable by directory should be; per-server information is generally
used in the standard set of modules for information like
Aliases and Redirects which come into play before the
request is tied to a particular place in the underlying file system.
Another requirement for emulating the NCSA server is being able to handle
the per-directory configuration files, generally called
.htaccess files, though even in the NCSA server they can
contain directives which have nothing at all to do with access control.
Accordingly, after URI -> filename translation, but before performing any
other phase, the server walks down the directory hierarchy of the underlying
filesystem, following the translated pathname, to read any
.htaccess files which might be present. The information which
is read in then has to be merged with the applicable information
from the server's own config files (either from the <Directory> sections in
access.conf, or from defaults in srm.conf, which
actually behaves for most purposes almost exactly like <Directory
/>).
Finally, after having served a request which involved reading
.htaccess files, we need to discard the storage allocated for
handling them. That is solved the same way it is solved wherever else
similar problems come up, by tying those structures to the per-transaction
resource pool.
Per-directory configuration structures
Let's look out how all of this plays out in mod_mime.c,
which defines the file typing handler which emulates the NCSA server's
behavior of determining file types from suffixes. What we'll be looking
at, here, is the code which implements the AddType and AddEncoding commands. These commands can appear in
.htaccess files, so they must be handled in the module's
private per-directory data, which in fact, consists of two separate
tables for MIME types and encoding information, and is declared as
follows:
typedef struct {
table *forced_types; /* Additional AddTyped stuff */
table *encoding_types; /* Added with AddEncoding... */
} mime_dir_config;When the server is reading a configuration file, or <Directory> section, which includes
one of the MIME module's commands, it needs to create a
mime_dir_config structure, so those commands have something
to act on. It does this by invoking the function it finds in the module's
'create per-dir config slot', with two arguments: the name of the
directory to which this configuration information applies (or
NULL for srm.conf), and a pointer to a
resource pool in which the allocation should happen.
(If we are reading a .htaccess file, that resource pool
is the per-request resource pool for the request; otherwise it is a
resource pool which is used for configuration data, and cleared on
restarts. Either way, it is important for the structure being created to
vanish when the pool is cleared, by registering a cleanup on the pool if
necessary).
For the MIME module, the per-dir config creation function just
ap_pallocs the structure above, and a creates a couple of
tables to fill it. That looks like this:
void *create_mime_dir_config (pool *p, char *dummy)
{
mime_dir_config *new =
(mime_dir_config *) ap_palloc (p, sizeof(mime_dir_config));
new->forced_types = ap_make_table (p, 4);
new->encoding_types = ap_make_table (p, 4);
return new;
}
Now, suppose we've just read in a .htaccess file. We
already have the per-directory configuration structure for the next
directory up in the hierarchy. If the .htaccess file we just
read in didn't have any AddType
or AddEncoding commands, its
per-directory config structure for the MIME module is still valid, and we
can just use it. Otherwise, we need to merge the two structures
somehow.
To do that, the server invokes the module's per-directory config merge function, if one is present. That function takes three arguments: the two structures being merged, and a resource pool in which to allocate the result. For the MIME module, all that needs to be done is overlay the tables from the new per-directory config structure with those from the parent:
void *merge_mime_dir_configs (pool *p, void *parent_dirv, void *subdirv)
{
mime_dir_config *parent_dir = (mime_dir_config *)parent_dirv;
mime_dir_config *subdir = (mime_dir_config *)subdirv;
mime_dir_config *new =
(mime_dir_config *)ap_palloc (p, sizeof(mime_dir_config));
new->forced_types = ap_overlay_tables (p, subdir->forced_types,
parent_dir->forced_types);
new->encoding_types = ap_overlay_tables (p, subdir->encoding_types,
parent_dir->encoding_types);
return new;
}
As a note -- if there is no per-directory merge function present, the
server will just use the subdirectory's configuration info, and ignore
the parent's. For some modules, that works just fine (例如，for
the includes module, whose per-directory configuration information
consists solely of the state of the XBITHACK), and for those
modules, you can just not declare one, and leave the corresponding
structure slot in the module itself NULL.
Command handling
Now that we have these structures, we need to be able to figure out how
to fill them. That involves processing the actual AddType and AddEncoding commands. To find commands, the server looks in
the module's command table. That table contains information on how many
arguments the commands take, and in what formats, where it is permitted,
and so forth. That information is sufficient to allow the server to invoke
most command-handling functions with pre-parsed arguments. Without further
ado, let's look at the AddType
command handler, which looks like this (the AddEncoding command looks basically the same, and won't be
shown here):
char *add_type(cmd_parms *cmd, mime_dir_config *m, char *ct, char *ext)
{
if (*ext == '.') ++ext;
ap_table_set (m->forced_types, ext, ct);
return NULL;
}
This command handler is unusually simple. As you can see, it takes
four arguments, two of which are pre-parsed arguments, the third being the
per-directory configuration structure for the module in question, and the
fourth being a pointer to a cmd_parms structure. That
structure contains a bunch of arguments which are frequently of use to
some, but not all, commands, including a resource pool (from which memory
can be allocated, and to which cleanups should be tied), and the (virtual)
server being configured, from which the module's per-server configuration
data can be obtained if required.
Another way in which this particular command handler is unusually
simple is that there are no error conditions which it can encounter. If
there were, it could return an error message instead of NULL;
this causes an error to be printed out on the server's
stderr, followed by a quick exit, if it is in the main config
files; for a .htaccess file, the syntax error is logged in
the server error log (along with an indication of where it came from), and
the request is bounced with a server error response (HTTP error status,
code 500).
The MIME module's command table has entries for these commands, which look like this:
command_rec mime_cmds[] = {
{ "AddType", add_type, NULL, OR_FILEINFO, TAKE2,
"a mime type followed by a file extension" },
{ "AddEncoding", add_encoding, NULL, OR_FILEINFO, TAKE2,
"an encoding (例如，gzip), followed by a file extension" },
{ NULL }
};
The entries in these tables are:
- The name of the command
- The function which handles it
- a
(void *)pointer, which is passed in thecmd_parmsstructure to the command handler --- this is useful in case many similar commands are handled by the same function. - A bit mask indicating where the command may appear. There
are mask bits corresponding to each
AllowOverrideoption, and an additional mask bit,RSRC_CONF, indicating that the command may appear in the server's own config files, but not in any.htaccessfile. - A flag indicating how many arguments the command handler
wants pre-parsed, and how they should be passed in.
TAKE2indicates two pre-parsed arguments. Other options areTAKE1, which indicates one pre-parsed argument,FLAG, which indicates that the argument should beOnorOff, and is passed in as a boolean flag,RAW_ARGS, which causes the server to give the command the raw, unparsed arguments (everything but the command name itself). There is alsoITERATE, which means that the handler looks the same asTAKE1, but that if multiple arguments are present, it should be called multiple times, and finallyITERATE2, which indicates that the command handler looks like aTAKE2, but if more arguments are present, then it should be called multiple times, holding the first argument constant. - Finally, we have a string which describes the arguments
that should be present. If the arguments in the actual config
file are not as required, this string will be used to help
give a more specific error message. (You can safely leave
this
NULL).
Finally, having set this all up, we have to use it. This is ultimately
done in the module's handlers, specifically for its file-typing handler,
which looks more or less like this; note that the per-directory
configuration structure is extracted from the request_rec's
per-directory configuration vector by using the
ap_get_module_config function.
int find_ct(request_rec *r)
{
int i;
char *fn = ap_pstrdup (r->pool, r->filename);
mime_dir_config *conf = (mime_dir_config *)
ap_get_module_config(r->per_dir_config, &mime_module);
char *type;
if (S_ISDIR(r->finfo.st_mode)) {
r->content_type = DIR_MAGIC_TYPE;
return OK;
}
if((i=ap_rind(fn,'.')) < 0) return DECLINED;
++i;
if ((type = ap_table_get (conf->encoding_types, &fn[i])))
{
r->content_encoding = type;
/* go back to previous extension to try to use it as a type */
fn[i-1] = '\0';
if((i=ap_rind(fn,'.')) < 0) return OK;
++i;
}
if ((type = ap_table_get (conf->forced_types, &fn[i])))
{
r->content_type = type;
}
return OK;
}
Side notes -- per-server configuration, virtual servers, etc.
The basic ideas behind per-server module configuration are basically the same as those for per-directory configuration; there is a creation function and a merge function, the latter being invoked where a virtual server has partially overridden the base server configuration, and a combined structure must be computed. (As with per-directory configuration, the default if no merge function is specified, and a module is configured in some virtual server, is that the base configuration is simply ignored).
The only substantial difference is that when a command needs to
configure the per-server private module data, it needs to go to the
cmd_parms data to get at it. Here's an example, from the
alias module, which also indicates how a syntax error can be returned
(note that the per-directory configuration argument to the command
handler is declared as a dummy, since the module doesn't actually have
per-directory config data):
char *add_redirect(cmd_parms *cmd, void *dummy, char *f, char *url)
{
server_rec *s = cmd->server;
alias_server_conf *conf = (alias_server_conf *)
ap_get_module_config(s->module_config,&alias_module);
alias_entry *new = ap_push_array (conf->redirects);
if (!ap_is_url (url)) return "Redirect to non-URL";
new->fake = f; new->real = url;
return NULL;
}