目錄 搜尋
前言 何为PostgreSQL? PostgreSQL简史 格式约定 更多信息 臭虫汇报指导 I. 教程 章1. 从头开始 1.1. 安装 1.2. 体系基本概念 1.3. 创建一个数据库 1.4. 访问数据库 章2. SQL语言 2.1. 介绍 2.2. 概念 2.3. 创建新表 2.4. 向表中添加行 2.5. 查询一个表 2.6. 表间链接 2.7. 聚集函数 2.8. 更新 2.9. 删除 章3. 高级特性 3.1. 介绍 3.2. 视图 3.3. 外键 3.4. 事务 3.5. 窗口函数 3.6. 继承 3.7. 结论 II. SQL语言 章4. SQL语法 4.1. 词法结构 4.2. 值表达式 4.3. 调用函数 章5. 数据定义 5.1. 表的基本概念 5.2. 缺省值 5.3. 约束 5.4. 系统字段 5.5. 修改表 5.6. 权限 5.7. 模式 5.8. 继承 5.9. 分区 5.10. 其它数据库对象 5.11. 依赖性跟踪 章 6. 数据操作 6.1. 插入数据 6.2. 更新数据 6.3. 删除数据 章7. 查询 7.1. 概述 7.2. 表表达式 7.3. 选择列表 7.4. 组合查询 7.5. 行排序 7.6. LIMIT和OFFSET 7.7. VALUES列表 7.8. WITH的查询(公用表表达式) 章8. 数据类型 8.1. 数值类型 8.2. 货币类型 8.3. 字符类型 8.4. 二进制数据类型 8.5. 日期/时间类型 8.6. 布尔类型 8.7. 枚举类型 8.8. 几何类型 8.9. 网络地址类型 8.10. 位串类型 8.11. 文本搜索类型 8.12. UUID类型 8.13. XML类型 8.14. 数组 8.15. 复合类型 8.16. 对象标识符类型 8.17. 伪类型 章 9. 函数和操作符 9.1. 逻辑操作符 9.2. 比较操作符 9.3. 数学函数和操作符 9.4. 字符串函数和操作符 9.5. 二进制字符串函数和操作符 9.6. 位串函数和操作符 9.7. 模式匹配 9.8. 数据类型格式化函数 9.9. 时间/日期函数和操作符 9.10. 支持枚举函数 9.11. 几何函数和操作符 9.12. 网络地址函数和操作符 9.13. 文本检索函数和操作符 9.14. XML函数 9.15. 序列操作函数 9.16. 条件表达式 9.17. 数组函数和操作符 9.18. 聚合函数 9.19. 窗口函数 9.20. 子查询表达式 9.21. 行和数组比较 9.22. 返回集合的函数 9.23. 系统信息函数 9.24. 系统管理函数 9.25. 触发器函数 章10. 类型转换 10.3. 函数 10.2. 操作符 10.1. 概述 10.4. 值存储 10.5. UNION 章11. 索引 11.1. 介绍 11.2. 索引类型 11.3. 多字段索引 11.4. 索引和ORDER BY 11.5. 组合多个索引 11.6. 唯一索引 11.7. 表达式上的索引 11.8. 部分索引 11.9. 操作类和操作簇 11.10. 检查索引的使用 章12. Full Text Search 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Tables and Indexes 12.3. Controlling Text Search 12.4. Additional Features 12.5. Parsers 12.6. Dictionaries 12.7. Configuration Example 12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search 12.9. GiST and GIN Index Types 12.10. psql Support 12.11. Limitations 12.12. Migration from Pre-8.3 Text Search 章13. 并发控制 13.1. 介绍 13.2. 事务隔离 13.3. 明确锁定 13.4. 应用层数据完整性检查 13.5. 锁和索引 章14. 性能提升技巧 14.1. 使用EXPLAIN 14.2. 规划器使用的统计信息 14.3. 用明确的JOIN语句控制规划器 14.4. 向数据库中添加记录 14.5. 非持久性设置 III. 服务器管理 章15. 安装指导 15.1. 简版 15.2. 要求 15.3. 获取源码 15.4. 升级 15.5. 安装过程 15.6. 安装后的设置 15.7. 支持的平台 15.8. 特殊平台的要求 章16. Installation from Source Code on Windows 16.1. Building with Visual C++ or the Platform SDK 16.2. Building libpq with Visual C++ or Borland C++ 章17. 服务器安装和操作 17.1. PostgreSQL用户帐户 17.2. 创建数据库集群 17.3. 启动数据库服务器 17.4. 管理内核资源 17.5. 关闭服务 17.6. 防止服务器欺骗 17.7. 加密选项 17.8. 用SSL进行安全的TCP/IP连接 17.9. Secure TCP/IP Connections with SSH Tunnels 章18. 服务器配置 18.1. 设置参数 18.2. 文件位置 18.3. 连接和认证 18.4. 资源消耗 18.5. 预写式日志 18.6. 查询规划 18.7. 错误报告和日志 18.8. 运行时统计 18.9. 自动清理 18.10. 客户端连接缺省 18.12. 版本和平台兼容性 18.11. 锁管理 18.13. 预置选项 18.14. 自定义的选项 18.15. 开发人员选项 18.16. 短选项 章19. 用户认证 19.1. pg_hba.conf 文件 19.2. 用户名映射 19.3. 认证方法 19.4. 用户认证 章20. 数据库角色和权限 20.1. 数据库角色 20.2. 角色属性 20.3. 权限 20.4. 角色成员 20.5. 函数和触发器 章21. 管理数据库 21.1. 概述 21.2. 创建一个数据库 21.3. 临时库 21.4. 数据库配置 21.5. 删除数据库 21.6. 表空间 章22. 本土化 22.1. 区域支持 22.2. 字符集支持 章23. 日常数据库维护工作 23.1. Routine Vacuuming日常清理 23.2. 经常重建索引 23.3. 日志文件维护 章24. 备份和恢复 24.1. SQL转储 24.2. 文件系统级别的备份 24.3. 在线备份以及即时恢复(PITR) 24.4. 版本间迁移 章25. 高可用性与负载均衡,复制 25.1. 不同解决方案的比较 25.2. 日志传送备份服务器 25.3. 失效切换 25.4. 日志传送的替代方法 25.5. 热备 章26. 恢复配置 26.1. 归档恢复设置 26.2. 恢复目标设置 26.3. 备服务器设置 章27. 监控数据库的活动 27.1. 标准Unix工具 27.2. 统计收集器 27.3. 查看锁 27.4. 动态跟踪 章28. 监控磁盘使用情况 28.1. 判断磁盘的使用量 28.2. 磁盘满导致的失效 章29. 可靠性和预写式日志 29.1. 可靠性 29.2. 预写式日志(WAL) 29.3. 异步提交 29.4. WAL配置 29.5. WAL内部 章30. Regression Tests 30.1. Running the Tests 30.2. Test Evaluation 30.3. Variant Comparison Files 30.4. Test Coverage Examination IV. 客户端接口 章31. libpq-C库 31.1. 数据库联接函数 31.2. 连接状态函数 31.3. 命令执行函数 31.4. 异步命令处理 31.5. 取消正在处理的查询 31.6. 捷径接口 31.7. 异步通知 31.8. 与COPY命令相关的函数 31.9. Control Functions 控制函数 31.10. 其他函数 31.11. 注意信息处理 31.12. 事件系统 31.13. 环境变量 31.14. 口令文件 31.15. 连接服务的文件 31.16. LDAP查找连接参数 31.17. SSL支持 31.18. 在多线程程序里的行为 31.19. 制作libpq程序 31.20. 例子程序 章32. 大对象 32.1. 介绍 32.2. 实现特点 32.3. 客户端接口 32.4. 服务器端函数 32.5. 例子程序 章33. ECPG - Embedded SQL in C 33.1. The Concept 33.2. Connecting to the Database Server 33.3. Closing a Connection 33.4. Running SQL Commands 33.5. Choosing a Connection 33.6. Using Host Variables 33.7. Dynamic SQL 33.8. pgtypes library 33.9. Using Descriptor Areas 33.10. Informix compatibility mode 33.11. Error Handling 33.12. Preprocessor directives 33.13. Processing Embedded SQL Programs 33.14. Library Functions 33.15. Internals 章34. 信息模式 34.1. 关于这个模式 34.2. 数据类型 34.3. information_schema_catalog_name 34.4. administrable_role_authorizations 34.5. applicable_roles 34.6. attributes 34.7. check_constraint_routine_usage 34.8. check_constraints 34.9. column_domain_usage 34.10. column_privileges 34.11. column_udt_usage 34.12. 字段 34.13. constraint_column_usage 34.14. constraint_table_usage 34.15. data_type_privileges 34.16. domain_constraints 34.18. domains 34.17. domain_udt_usage 34.19. element_types 34.20. enabled_roles 34.21. foreign_data_wrapper_options 34.22. foreign_data_wrappers 34.23. foreign_server_options 34.24. foreign_servers 34.25. key_column_usage 34.26. parameters 34.27. referential_constraints 34.28. role_column_grants 34.29. role_routine_grants 34.30. role_table_grants 34.31. role_usage_grants 34.32. routine_privileges 34.33. routines 34.34. schemata 34.35. sequences 34.36. sql_features 34.37. sql_implementation_info 34.38. sql_languages 34.39. sql_packages 34.40. sql_parts 34.41. sql_sizing 34.42. sql_sizing_profiles 34.43. table_constraints 34.44. table_privileges 34.45. tables 34.46. triggered_update_columns 34.47. 触发器 34.48. usage_privileges 34.49. user_mapping_options 34.50. user_mappings 34.51. view_column_usage 34.52. view_routine_usage 34.53. view_table_usage 34.54. 视图 V. 服务器端编程 章35. 扩展SQL 35.1. 扩展性是如何实现的 35.2. PostgreSQL类型系统 35.3. User-Defined Functions 35.4. Query Language (SQL) Functions 35.5. Function Overloading 35.6. Function Volatility Categories 35.7. Procedural Language Functions 35.8. Internal Functions 35.9. C-Language Functions 35.10. User-Defined Aggregates 35.11. User-Defined Types 35.12. User-Defined Operators 35.13. Operator Optimization Information 35.14. Interfacing Extensions To Indexes 35.15. 用C++扩展 章36. 触发器 36.1. 触发器行为概述 36.3. 用 C 写触发器 36.2. 数据改变的可视性 36.4. 一个完整的例子 章37. 规则系统 37.1. The Query Tree 37.2. 视图和规则系统 37.3. 在INSERT,UPDATE和DELETE上的规则 37.4. 规则和权限 37.5. 规则和命令状态 37.6. 规则与触发器得比较 章38. Procedural Languages 38.1. Installing Procedural Languages 章39. PL/pgSQL - SQL过程语言 39.1. 概述 39.2. PL/pgSQL的结构 39.3. 声明 39.4. 表达式 39.5. 基本语句 39.6. 控制结构 39.7. 游标 39.8. 错误和消息 39.9. 触发器过程 39.10. PL/pgSQL Under the Hood 39.11. 开发PL/pgSQL的一些提示 39.12. 从OraclePL/SQL 进行移植 章40. PL/Tcl - Tcl Procedural Language 40.1. Overview 40.2. PL/Tcl Functions and Arguments 40.3. Data Values in PL/Tcl 40.4. Global Data in PL/Tcl 40.5. Database Access from PL/Tcl 40.6. Trigger Procedures in PL/Tcl 40.7. Modules and the unknown command 40.8. Tcl Procedure Names 章41. PL/Perl - Perl Procedural Language 41.1. PL/Perl Functions and Arguments 41.2. Data Values in PL/Perl 41.3. Built-in Functions 41.4. Global Values in PL/Perl 41.6. PL/Perl Triggers 41.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl 41.7. PL/Perl Under the Hood 章42. PL/Python - Python Procedural Language 42.1. Python 2 vs. Python 3 42.2. PL/Python Functions 42.3. Data Values 42.4. Sharing Data 42.5. Anonymous Code Blocks 42.6. Trigger Functions 42.7. Database Access 42.8. Utility Functions 42.9. Environment Variables 章43. Server Programming Interface 43.1. Interface Functions Spi-spi-connect Spi-spi-finish Spi-spi-push Spi-spi-pop Spi-spi-execute Spi-spi-exec Spi-spi-execute-with-args Spi-spi-prepare Spi-spi-prepare-cursor Spi-spi-prepare-params Spi-spi-getargcount Spi-spi-getargtypeid Spi-spi-is-cursor-plan Spi-spi-execute-plan Spi-spi-execute-plan-with-paramlist Spi-spi-execp Spi-spi-cursor-open Spi-spi-cursor-open-with-args Spi-spi-cursor-open-with-paramlist Spi-spi-cursor-find Spi-spi-cursor-fetch Spi-spi-cursor-move Spi-spi-scroll-cursor-fetch Spi-spi-scroll-cursor-move Spi-spi-cursor-close Spi-spi-saveplan 43.2. Interface Support Functions Spi-spi-fname Spi-spi-fnumber Spi-spi-getvalue Spi-spi-getbinval Spi-spi-gettype Spi-spi-gettypeid Spi-spi-getrelname Spi-spi-getnspname 43.3. Memory Management Spi-spi-palloc Spi-realloc Spi-spi-pfree Spi-spi-copytuple Spi-spi-returntuple Spi-spi-modifytuple Spi-spi-freetuple Spi-spi-freetupletable Spi-spi-freeplan 43.4. Visibility of Data Changes 43.5. Examples VI. 参考手册 I. SQL命令 Sql-abort Sql-alteraggregate Sql-alterconversion Sql-alterdatabase Sql-alterdefaultprivileges Sql-alterdomain Sql-alterforeigndatawrapper Sql-alterfunction Sql-altergroup Sql-alterindex Sql-alterlanguage Sql-alterlargeobject Sql-alteroperator Sql-alteropclass Sql-alteropfamily Sql-alterrole Sql-alterschema Sql-altersequence Sql-alterserver Sql-altertable Sql-altertablespace Sql-altertsconfig Sql-altertsdictionary Sql-altertsparser Sql-altertstemplate Sql-altertrigger Sql-altertype Sql-alteruser Sql-alterusermapping Sql-alterview Sql-analyze Sql-begin Sql-checkpoint Sql-close Sql-cluster Sql-comment Sql-commit Sql-commit-prepared Sql-copy Sql-createaggregate Sql-createcast Sql-createconstraint Sql-createconversion Sql-createdatabase Sql-createdomain Sql-createforeigndatawrapper Sql-createfunction Sql-creategroup Sql-createindex Sql-createlanguage Sql-createoperator Sql-createopclass Sql-createopfamily Sql-createrole Sql-createrule Sql-createschema Sql-createsequence Sql-createserver Sql-createtable Sql-createtableas Sql-createtablespace Sql-createtsconfig Sql-createtsdictionary Sql-createtsparser Sql-createtstemplate Sql-createtrigger Sql-createtype Sql-createuser Sql-createusermapping Sql-createview Sql-deallocate Sql-declare Sql-delete Sql-discard Sql-do Sql-dropaggregate Sql-dropcast Sql-dropconversion Sql-dropdatabase Sql-dropdomain Sql-dropforeigndatawrapper Sql-dropfunction Sql-dropgroup Sql-dropindex Sql-droplanguage Sql-dropoperator Sql-dropopclass Sql-dropopfamily Sql-drop-owned Sql-droprole Sql-droprule Sql-dropschema Sql-dropsequence Sql-dropserver Sql-droptable Sql-droptablespace Sql-droptsconfig Sql-droptsdictionary Sql-droptsparser Sql-droptstemplate Sql-droptrigger Sql-droptype Sql-dropuser Sql-dropusermapping Sql-dropview Sql-end Sql-execute Sql-explain Sql-fetch Sql-grant Sql-insert Sql-listen Sql-load Sql-lock Sql-move Sql-notify Sql-prepare Sql-prepare-transaction Sql-reassign-owned Sql-reindex Sql-release-savepoint Sql-reset Sql-revoke Sql-rollback Sql-rollback-prepared Sql-rollback-to Sql-savepoint Sql-select Sql-selectinto Sql-set Sql-set-constraints Sql-set-role Sql-set-session-authorization Sql-set-transaction Sql-show Sql-start-transaction Sql-truncate Sql-unlisten Sql-update Sql-vacuum Sql-values II. 客户端应用程序 App-clusterdb App-createdb App-createlang App-createuser App-dropdb App-droplang App-dropuser App-ecpg App-pgconfig App-pgdump App-pg-dumpall App-pgrestore App-psql App-reindexdb App-vacuumdb III. PostgreSQL服务器应用程序 App-initdb App-pgcontroldata App-pg-ctl App-pgresetxlog App-postgres App-postmaster VII. 内部 章44. PostgreSQL内部概览 44.1. 查询路径 44.2. 连接是如何建立起来的 44.3. 分析器阶段 44.4. ThePostgreSQL规则系统 44.5. 规划器/优化器 44.6. 执行器 章45. 系统表 45.1. 概述 45.2. pg_aggregate 45.3. pg_am 45.4. pg_amop 45.5. pg_amproc 45.6. pg_attrdef 45.7. pg_attribute 45.8. pg_authid 45.9. pg_auth_members 45.10. pg_cast 45.11. pg_class 45.12. pg_constraint 45.13. pg_conversion 45.14. pg_database 45.15. pg_db_role_setting 45.16. pg_default_acl 45.17. pg_depend 45.18. pg_description 45.19. pg_enum 45.20. pg_foreign_data_wrapper 45.21. pg_foreign_server 45.22. pg_index 45.23. pg_inherits 45.24. pg_language 45.25. pg_largeobject 45.26. pg_largeobject_metadata 45.27. pg_namespace 45.28. pg_opclass 45.29. pg_operator 45.30. pg_opfamily 45.31. pg_pltemplate 45.32. pg_proc 45.33. pg_rewrite 45.34. pg_shdepend 45.35. pg_shdescription 45.36. pg_statistic 45.37. pg_tablespace 45.38. pg_trigger 45.39. pg_ts_config 45.40. pg_ts_config_map 45.41. pg_ts_dict 45.42. pg_ts_parser 45.43. pg_ts_template 45.44. pg_type 45.45. pg_user_mapping 45.46. System Views 45.47. pg_cursors 45.48. pg_group 45.49. pg_indexes 45.50. pg_locks 45.51. pg_prepared_statements 45.52. pg_prepared_xacts 45.53. pg_roles 45.54. pg_rules 45.55. pg_settings 45.56. pg_shadow 45.57. pg_stats 45.58. pg_tables 45.59. pg_timezone_abbrevs 45.60. pg_timezone_names 45.61. pg_user 45.62. pg_user_mappings 45.63. pg_views 章46. Frontend/Backend Protocol 46.1. Overview 46.2. Message Flow 46.3. Streaming Replication Protocol 46.4. Message Data Types 46.5. Message Formats 46.6. Error and Notice Message Fields 46.7. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0 47. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions 47.1. Formatting 47.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server 47.3. Error Message Style Guide 章48. Native Language Support 48.1. For the Translator 48.2. For the Programmer 章49. Writing A Procedural Language Handler 章50. Genetic Query Optimizer 50.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem 50.2. Genetic Algorithms 50.3. Genetic Query Optimization (GEQO) in PostgreSQL 50.4. Further Reading 章51. 索引访问方法接口定义 51.1. 索引的系统表记录 51.2. 索引访问方法函数 51.3. 索引扫描 51.4. 索引锁的考量 51.5. 索引唯一性检查 51.6. 索引开销估计函数 章52. GiST Indexes 52.1. Introduction 52.2. Extensibility 52.3. Implementation 52.4. Examples 52.5. Crash Recovery 章53. GIN Indexes 53.1. Introduction 53.2. Extensibility 53.3. Implementation 53.4. GIN tips and tricks 53.5. Limitations 53.6. Examples 章54. 数据库物理存储 54.1. 数据库文件布局 54.2. TOAST 54.3. 自由空间映射 54.4. 可见映射 54.5. 数据库分页文件 章55. BKI后端接口 55.1. BKI 文件格式 55.2. BKI命令 55.3. 系统初始化的BKI文件的结构 55.4. 例子 章56. 规划器如何使用统计信息 56.1. 行预期的例子 VIII. 附录 A. PostgreSQL错误代码 B. 日期/时间支持 B.1. 日期/时间输入解析 B.2. 日期/时间关键字 B.3. 日期/时间配置文件 B.4. 日期单位的历史 C. SQL关键字 D. SQL Conformance D.1. Supported Features D.2. Unsupported Features E. 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E.52. Release 8.2

Release Date: 2006-12-05

E.52.1. Overview

This release adds many functionality and performance improvements that were requested by users, including:

  • Query language enhancements including INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE RETURNING, multirow VALUES lists, and optional target-table alias in UPDATE/DELETE

  • Index creation without blocking concurrent INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE operations

  • Many query optimization improvements, including support for reordering outer joins

  • Improved sorting performance with lower memory usage

  • More efficient locking with better concurrency

  • More efficient vacuuming

  • Easier administration of warm standby servers

  • New FILLFACTOR support for tables and indexes

  • Monitoring, logging, and performance tuning additions

  • More control over creating and dropping objects

  • Table inheritance relationships can be defined for and removed from pre-existing tables

  • COPY TO can copy the output of an arbitrary SELECT statement

  • Array improvements, including nulls in arrays

  • Aggregate-function improvements, including multiple-input aggregates and SQL:2003 statistical functions

  • Many contrib/ improvements

E.52.2. Migration to Version 8.2

A dump/restore using pg_dump is required for those wishing to migrate data from any previous release.

Observe the following incompatibilities:

  • Set escape_string_warning to on by default (Bruce)

    This issues a warning if backslash escapes are used in non-escape (non-E'') strings.

  • Change the row constructor syntax (ROW(...)) so that list elements foo.* will be expanded to a list of their member fields, rather than creating a nested row type field as formerly (Tom)

    The new behavior is substantially more useful since it allows, for example, triggers to check for data changes with IF row(new.*) IS DISTINCT FROM row(old.*). The old behavior is still available by omitting .*.

  • Make row comparisons follow SQL standard semantics and allow them to be used in index scans (Tom)

    Previously, row = and <> comparisons followed the standard but < <= > >= did not. A row comparison can now be used as an index constraint for a multicolumn index matching the row value.

  • Make row IS [NOT] NULL tests follow SQL standard semantics (Tom)

    The former behavior conformed to the standard for simple cases with IS NULL, but IS NOT NULL would return true if any row field was non-null, whereas the standard says it should return true only when all fields are non-null.

  • Make SET CONSTRAINT affect only one constraint (Kris Jurka)

    In previous releases, SET CONSTRAINT modified all constraints with a matching name. In this release, the schema search path is used to modify only the first matching constraint. A schema specification is also supported. This more nearly conforms to the SQL standard.

  • Remove RULE permission for tables, for security reasons (Tom)

    As of this release, only a table's owner can create or modify rules for the table. For backwards compatibility, GRANT/REVOKE RULE is still accepted, but it does nothing.

  • Array comparison improvements (Tom)

    Now array dimensions are also compared.

  • Change array concatenation to match documented behavior (Tom)

    This changes the previous behavior where concatenation would modify the array lower bound.

  • Make command-line options of postmaster and postgres identical (Peter)

    This allows the postmaster to pass arguments to each backend without using -o. Note that some options are now only available as long-form options, because there were conflicting single-letter options.

  • Deprecate use of postmaster symbolic link (Peter)

    postmaster and postgres commands now act identically, with the behavior determined by command-line options. The postmaster symbolic link is kept for compatibility, but is not really needed.

  • Change log_duration to output even if the query is not output (Tom)

    In prior releases, log_duration only printed if the query appeared earlier in the log.

  • Make to_char(time) and to_char(interval) treat HH and HH12 as 12-hour intervals

    Most applications should use HH24 unless they want a 12-hour display.

  • Zero unmasked bits in conversion from INET to CIDR (Tom)

    This ensures that the converted value is actually valid for CIDR.

  • Remove australian_timezones configuration variable (Joachim Wieland)

    This variable has been superseded by a more general facility for configuring timezone abbreviations.

  • Improve cost estimation for nested-loop index scans (Tom)

    This might eliminate the need to set unrealistically small values of random_page_cost. If you have been using a very small random_page_cost, please recheck your test cases.

  • Change behavior of pg_dump -n and -t options. (Greg Sabino Mullane)

    See the pg_dump manual page for details.

  • Change libpq PQdsplen() to return a useful value (Martijn van Oosterhout)

  • Declare libpq PQgetssl() as returning void *, rather than SSL * (Martijn van Oosterhout)

    This allows applications to use the function without including the OpenSSL headers.

  • C-language loadable modules must now include a PG_MODULE_MAGIC macro call for version compatibility checking (Martijn van Oosterhout)

  • For security's sake, modules used by a PL/PerlU function are no longer available to PL/Perl functions (Andrew)

    Note: This also implies that data can no longer be shared between a PL/Perl function and a PL/PerlU function. Some Perl installations have not been compiled with the correct flags to allow multiple interpreters to exist within a single process. In this situation PL/Perl and PL/PerlU cannot both be used in a single backend. The solution is to get a Perl installation which supports multiple interpreters.

  • In contrib/xml2/, rename xml_valid() to xml_is_well_formed() (Tom)

    xml_valid() will remain for backward compatibility, but its behavior will change to do schema checking in a future release.

  • Remove contrib/ora2pg/, now at http://www.samse.fr/GPL/ora2pg

  • Remove contrib modules that have been migrated to PgFoundry: adddepend, dbase, dbmirror, fulltextindex, mac, userlock

  • Remove abandoned contrib modules: mSQL-interface, tips

  • Remove QNX and BEOS ports (Bruce)

    These ports no longer had active maintainers.

E.52.3. Changes

Below you will find a detailed account of the changes between PostgreSQL 8.2 and the previous major release.

E.52.3.1. Performance Improvements

  • Allow the planner to reorder outer joins in some circumstances (Tom)

    In previous releases, outer joins would always be evaluated in the order written in the query. This change allows the query optimizer to consider reordering outer joins, in cases where it can determine that the join order can be changed without altering the meaning of the query. This can make a considerable performance difference for queries involving multiple outer joins or mixed inner and outer joins.

  • Improve efficiency of IN (list-of-expressions) clauses (Tom)

  • Improve sorting speed and reduce memory usage (Simon, Tom)

  • Improve subtransaction performance (Alvaro, Itagaki Takahiro, Tom)

  • Add FILLFACTOR to table and index creation (ITAGAKI Takahiro)

    This leaves extra free space in each table or index page, allowing improved performance as the database grows. This is particularly valuable to maintain clustering.

  • Increase default values for shared_buffers and max_fsm_pages (Andrew)

  • Improve locking performance by breaking the lock manager tables into sections (Tom)

    This allows locking to be more fine-grained, reducing contention.

  • Reduce locking requirements of sequential scans (Qingqing Zhou)

  • Reduce locking required for database creation and destruction (Tom)

  • Improve the optimizer's selectivity estimates for LIKE, ILIKE, and regular expression operations (Tom)

  • Improve planning of joins to inherited tables and UNION ALL views (Tom)

  • Allow constraint exclusion to be applied to inherited UPDATE and DELETE queries (Tom)

    SELECT already honored constraint exclusion.

  • Improve planning of constant WHERE clauses, such as a condition that depends only on variables inherited from an outer query level (Tom)

  • Protocol-level unnamed prepared statements are re-planned for each set of BIND values (Tom)

    This improves performance because the exact parameter values can be used in the plan.

  • Speed up vacuuming of B-Tree indexes (Heikki Linnakangas, Tom)

  • Avoid extra scan of tables without indexes during VACUUM (Greg Stark)

  • Improve multicolumn GiST indexing (Oleg, Teodor)

  • Remove dead index entries before B-Tree page split (Junji Teramoto)

E.52.3.2. Server Changes

  • Allow a forced switch to a new transaction log file (Simon, Tom)

    This is valuable for keeping warm standby slave servers in sync with the master. Transaction log file switching now also happens automatically during pg_stop_backup(). This ensures that all transaction log files needed for recovery can be archived immediately.

  • Add WAL informational functions (Simon)

    Add functions for interrogating the current transaction log insertion point and determining WAL filenames from the hex WAL locations displayed by pg_stop_backup() and related functions.

  • Improve recovery from a crash during WAL replay (Simon)

    The server now does periodic checkpoints during WAL recovery, so if there is a crash, future WAL recovery is shortened. This also eliminates the need for warm standby servers to replay the entire log since the base backup if they crash.

  • Improve reliability of long-term WAL replay (Heikki, Simon, Tom)

    Formerly, trying to roll forward through more than 2 billion transactions would not work due to XID wraparound. This meant warm standby servers had to be reloaded from fresh base backups periodically.

  • Add archive_timeout to force transaction log file switches at a given interval (Simon)

    This enforces a maximum replication delay for warm standby servers.

  • Add native LDAP authentication (Magnus Hagander)

    This is particularly useful for platforms that do not support PAM, such as Windows.

  • Add GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE (Gevik Babakhani)

    This gives SQL-level control over database access. It works as an additional filter on top of the existing pg_hba.conf controls.

  • Add support for SSL Certificate Revocation List (CRL) files (Libor Hohoš)

    The server and libpq both recognize CRL files now.

  • GiST indexes are now clusterable (Teodor)

  • Remove routine autovacuum server log entries (Bruce)

    pg_stat_activity now shows autovacuum activity.

  • Track maximum XID age within individual tables, instead of whole databases (Alvaro)

    This reduces the overhead involved in preventing transaction ID wraparound, by avoiding unnecessary VACUUMs.

  • Add last vacuum and analyze timestamp columns to the stats collector (Larry Rosenman)

    These values now appear in the pg_stat_*_tables system views.

  • Improve performance of statistics monitoring, especially stats_command_string (Tom, Bruce)

    This release enables stats_command_string by default, now that its overhead is minimal. This means pg_stat_activity will now show all active queries by default.

  • Add a waiting column to pg_stat_activity (Tom)

    This allows pg_stat_activity to show all the information included in the ps display.

  • Add configuration parameter update_process_title to control whether the ps display is updated for every command (Bruce)

    On platforms where it is expensive to update the ps display, it might be worthwhile to turn this off and rely solely on pg_stat_activity for status information.

  • Allow units to be specified in configuration settings (Peter)

    For example, you can now set shared_buffers to 32MB rather than mentally converting sizes.

  • Add support for include directives in postgresql.conf (Joachim Wieland)

  • Improve logging of protocol-level prepare/bind/execute messages (Bruce, Tom)

    Such logging now shows statement names, bind parameter values, and the text of the query being executed. Also, the query text is properly included in logged error messages when enabled by log_min_error_statement.

  • Prevent max_stack_depth from being set to unsafe values

    On platforms where we can determine the actual kernel stack depth limit (which is most), make sure that the initial default value of max_stack_depth is safe, and reject attempts to set it to unsafely large values.

  • Enable highlighting of error location in query in more cases (Tom)

    The server is now able to report a specific error location for some semantic errors (such as unrecognized column name), rather than just for basic syntax errors as before.

  • Fix "failed to re-find parent key" errors in VACUUM (Tom)

  • Clean out pg_internal.init cache files during server restart (Simon)

    This avoids a hazard that the cache files might contain stale data after PITR recovery.

  • Fix race condition for truncation of a large relation across a gigabyte boundary by VACUUM (Tom)

  • Fix bug causing needless deadlock errors on row-level locks (Tom)

  • Fix bugs affecting multi-gigabyte hash indexes (Tom)

  • Each backend process is now its own process group leader (Tom)

    This allows query cancel to abort subprocesses invoked from a backend or archive/recovery process.

E.52.3.3. Query Changes

  • Add INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE RETURNING (Jonah Harris, Tom)

    This allows these commands to return values, such as the computed serial key for a new row. In the UPDATE case, values from the updated version of the row are returned.

  • Add support for multiple-row VALUES clauses, per SQL standard (Joe, Tom)

    This allows INSERT to insert multiple rows of constants, or queries to generate result sets using constants. For example, INSERT ... VALUES (...), (...), ...., and SELECT * FROM (VALUES (...), (...), ....) AS alias(f1, ...).

  • Allow UPDATE and DELETE to use an alias for the target table (Atsushi Ogawa)

    The SQL standard does not permit an alias in these commands, but many database systems allow one anyway for notational convenience.

  • Allow UPDATE to set multiple columns with a list of values (Susanne Ebrecht)

    This is basically a short-hand for assigning the columns and values in pairs. The syntax is UPDATE tab SET (column, ...) = (val, ...).

  • Make row comparisons work per standard (Tom)

    The forms <, <=, >, >= now compare rows lexicographically, that is, compare the first elements, if equal compare the second elements, and so on. Formerly they expanded to an AND condition across all the elements, which was neither standard nor very useful.

  • Add CASCADE option to TRUNCATE (Joachim Wieland)

    This causes TRUNCATE to automatically include all tables that reference the specified table(s) via foreign keys. While convenient, this is a dangerous tool — use with caution!

  • Support FOR UPDATE and FOR SHARE in the same SELECT command (Tom)

  • Add IS NOT DISTINCT FROM (Pavel Stehule)

    This operator is similar to equality (=), but evaluates to true when both left and right operands are NULL, and to false when just one is, rather than yielding NULL in these cases.

  • Improve the length output used by UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT (Tom)

    When all corresponding columns are of the same defined length, that length is used for the result, rather than a generic length.

  • Allow ILIKE to work for multi-byte encodings (Tom)

    Internally, ILIKE now calls lower() and then uses LIKE. Locale-specific regular expression patterns still do not work in these encodings.

  • Enable standard_conforming_strings to be turned on (Kevin Grittner)

    This allows backslash escaping in strings to be disabled, making PostgreSQL more standards-compliant. The default is off for backwards compatibility, but future releases will default this to on.

  • Do not flatten subqueries that contain volatile functions in their target lists (Jaime Casanova)

    This prevents surprising behavior due to multiple evaluation of a volatile function (such as random() or nextval()). It might cause performance degradation in the presence of functions that are unnecessarily marked as volatile.

  • Add system views pg_prepared_statements and pg_cursors to show prepared statements and open cursors (Joachim Wieland, Neil)

    These are very useful in pooled connection setups.

  • Support portal parameters in EXPLAIN and EXECUTE (Tom)

    This allows, for example, JDBC ? parameters to work in these commands.

  • If SQL-level PREPARE parameters are unspecified, infer their types from the content of the query (Neil)

    Protocol-level PREPARE already did this.

  • Allow LIMIT and OFFSET to exceed two billion (Dhanaraj M)

E.52.3.4. Object Manipulation Changes

  • Add TABLESPACE clause to CREATE TABLE AS (Neil)

    This allows a tablespace to be specified for the new table.

  • Add ON COMMIT clause to CREATE TABLE AS (Neil)

    This allows temporary tables to be truncated or dropped on transaction commit. The default behavior is for the table to remain until the session ends.

  • Add INCLUDING CONSTRAINTS to CREATE TABLE LIKE (Greg Stark)

    This allows easy copying of CHECK constraints to a new table.

  • Allow the creation of placeholder (shell) types (Martijn van Oosterhout)

    A shell type declaration creates a type name, without specifying any of the details of the type. Making a shell type is useful because it allows cleaner declaration of the type's input/output functions, which must exist before the type can be defined "for real". The syntax is CREATE TYPE typename.

  • Aggregate functions now support multiple input parameters (Sergey Koposov, Tom)

  • Add new aggregate creation syntax (Tom)

    The new syntax is CREATE AGGREGATE aggname (input_type) (parameter_list). This more naturally supports the new multi-parameter aggregate functionality. The previous syntax is still supported.

  • Add ALTER ROLE PASSWORD NULL to remove a previously set role password (Peter)

  • Add DROP object IF EXISTS for many object types (Andrew)

    This allows DROP operations on non-existent objects without generating an error.

  • Add DROP OWNED to drop all objects owned by a role (Alvaro)

  • Add REASSIGN OWNED to reassign ownership of all objects owned by a role (Alvaro)

    This, and DROP OWNED above, facilitate dropping roles.

  • Add GRANT ON SEQUENCE syntax (Bruce)

    This was added for setting sequence-specific permissions. GRANT ON TABLE for sequences is still supported for backward compatibility.

  • Add USAGE permission for sequences that allows only currval() and nextval(), not setval() (Bruce)

    USAGE permission allows more fine-grained control over sequence access. Granting USAGE allows users to increment a sequence, but prevents them from setting the sequence to an arbitrary value using setval().

  • Add ALTER TABLE [ NO ] INHERIT (Greg Stark)

    This allows inheritance to be adjusted dynamically, rather than just at table creation and destruction. This is very valuable when using inheritance to implement table partitioning.

  • Allow comments on global objects to be stored globally (Kris Jurka)

    Previously, comments attached to databases were stored in individual databases, making them ineffective, and there was no provision at all for comments on roles or tablespaces. This change adds a new shared catalog pg_shdescription and stores comments on databases, roles, and tablespaces therein.

E.52.3.5. Utility Command Changes

  • Add option to allow indexes to be created without blocking concurrent writes to the table (Greg Stark, Tom)

    The new syntax is CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY. The default behavior is still to block table modification while a index is being created.

  • Provide advisory locking functionality (Abhijit Menon-Sen, Tom)

    This is a new locking API designed to replace what used to be in /contrib/userlock. The userlock code is now on pgfoundry.

  • Allow COPY to dump a SELECT query (Zoltan Boszormenyi, Karel Zak)

    This allows COPY to dump arbitrary SQL queries. The syntax is COPY (SELECT ...) TO.

  • Make the COPY command return a command tag that includes the number of rows copied (Volkan YAZICI)

  • Allow VACUUM to expire rows without being affected by other concurrent VACUUM operations (Hannu Krossing, Alvaro, Tom)

  • Make initdb detect the operating system locale and set the default DateStyle accordingly (Peter)

    This makes it more likely that the installed postgresql.conf DateStyle value will be as desired.

  • Reduce number of progress messages displayed by initdb (Tom)

E.52.3.6. Date/Time Changes

  • Allow full timezone names in timestamp input values (Joachim Wieland)

    For example, '2006-05-24 21:11 America/New_York'::timestamptz.

  • Support configurable timezone abbreviations (Joachim Wieland)

    A desired set of timezone abbreviations can be chosen via the configuration parameter timezone_abbreviations.

  • Add pg_timezone_abbrevs and pg_timezone_names views to show supported timezones (Magnus Hagander)

  • Add clock_timestamp(), statement_timestamp(), and transaction_timestamp() (Bruce)

    clock_timestamp() is the current wall-clock time, statement_timestamp() is the time the current statement arrived at the server, and transaction_timestamp() is an alias for now().

  • Allow to_char() to print localized month and day names (Euler Taveira de Oliveira)

  • Allow to_char(time) and to_char(interval) to output AM/PM specifications (Bruce)

    Intervals and times are treated as 24-hour periods, e.g. 25 hours is considered AM.

  • Add new function justify_interval() to adjust interval units (Mark Dilger)

  • Allow timezone offsets up to 14:59 away from GMT

    Kiribati uses GMT+14, so we'd better accept that.

  • Interval computation improvements (Michael Glaesemann, Bruce)

E.52.3.7. Other Data Type and Function Changes

  • Allow arrays to contain NULL elements (Tom)

  • Allow assignment to array elements not contiguous with the existing entries (Tom)

    The intervening array positions will be filled with nulls. This is per SQL standard.

  • New built-in operators for array-subset comparisons (@>, <@, &&) (Teodor, Tom)

    These operators can be indexed for many data types using GiST or GIN indexes.

  • Add convenient arithmetic operations on INET/CIDR values (Stephen R. van den Berg)

    The new operators are & (and), | (or), ~ (not), inet + int8, inet - int8, and inet - inet.

  • Add new aggregate functions from SQL:2003 (Neil)

    The new functions are var_pop(), var_samp(), stddev_pop(), and stddev_samp(). var_samp() and stddev_samp() are merely renamings of the existing aggregates variance() and stddev(). The latter names remain available for backward compatibility.

  • Add SQL:2003 statistical aggregates (Sergey Koposov)

    New functions: regr_intercept(), regr_slope(), regr_r2(), corr(), covar_samp(), covar_pop(), regr_avgx(), regr_avgy(), regr_sxy(), regr_sxx(), regr_syy(), regr_count().

  • Allow domains to be based on other domains (Tom)

  • Properly enforce domain CHECK constraints everywhere (Neil, Tom)

    For example, the result of a user-defined function that is declared to return a domain type is now checked against the domain's constraints. This closes a significant hole in the domain implementation.

  • Fix problems with dumping renamed SERIAL columns (Tom)

    The fix is to dump a SERIAL column by explicitly specifying its DEFAULT and sequence elements, and reconstructing the SERIAL column on reload using a new ALTER SEQUENCE OWNED BY command. This also allows dropping a SERIAL column specification.

  • Add a server-side sleep function pg_sleep() (Joachim Wieland)

  • Add all comparison operators for the tid (tuple id) data type (Mark Kirkwood, Greg Stark, Tom)

E.52.3.8. PL/pgSQL Server-Side Language Changes

  • Add TG_table_name and TG_table_schema to trigger parameters (Andrew)

    TG_relname is now deprecated. Comparable changes have been made in the trigger parameters for the other PLs as well.

  • Allow FOR statements to return values to scalars as well as records and row types (Pavel Stehule)

  • Add a BY clause to the FOR loop, to control the iteration increment (Jaime Casanova)

  • Add STRICT to SELECT INTO (Matt Miller)

    STRICT mode throws an exception if more or less than one row is returned by the SELECT, for Oracle PL/SQL compatibility.

E.52.3.9. PL/Perl Server-Side Language Changes

  • Add table_name and table_schema to trigger parameters (Adam Sjøgren)

  • Add prepared queries (Dmitry Karasik)

  • Make $_TD trigger data a global variable (Andrew)

    Previously, it was lexical, which caused unexpected sharing violations.

  • Run PL/Perl and PL/PerlU in separate interpreters, for security reasons (Andrew)

    In consequence, they can no longer share data nor loaded modules. Also, if Perl has not been compiled with the requisite flags to allow multiple interpreters, only one of these languages can be used in any given backend process.

E.52.3.10. PL/Python Server-Side Language Changes

  • Named parameters are passed as ordinary variables, as well as in the args[] array (Sven Suursoho)

  • Add table_name and table_schema to trigger parameters (Andrew)

  • Allow returning of composite types and result sets (Sven Suursoho)

  • Return result-set as list, iterator, or generator (Sven Suursoho)

  • Allow functions to return void (Neil)

  • Python 2.5 is now supported (Tom)

E.52.3.11. psql Changes

  • Add new command \password for changing role password with client-side password encryption (Peter)

  • Allow \c to connect to a new host and port number (David, Volkan YAZICI)

  • Add tablespace display to \l+ (Philip Yarra)

  • Improve \df slash command to include the argument names and modes (OUT or INOUT) of the function (David Fetter)

  • Support binary COPY (Andreas Pflug)

  • Add option to run the entire session in a single transaction (Simon)

    Use option -1 or --single-transaction.

  • Support for automatically retrieving SELECT results in batches using a cursor (Chris Mair)

    This is enabled using \set FETCH_COUNT n. This feature allows large result sets to be retrieved in psql without attempting to buffer the entire result set in memory.

  • Make multi-line values align in the proper column (Martijn van Oosterhout)

    Field values containing newlines are now displayed in a more readable fashion.

  • Save multi-line statements as a single entry, rather than one line at a time (Sergey E. Koposov)

    This makes up-arrow recall of queries easier. (This is not available on Windows, because that platform uses the native command-line editing present in the operating system.)

  • Make the line counter 64-bit so it can handle files with more than two billion lines (David Fetter)

  • Report both the returned data and the command status tag for INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE RETURNING (Tom)

E.52.3.12. pg_dump Changes

  • Allow complex selection of objects to be included or excluded by pg_dump (Greg Sabino Mullane)

    pg_dump now supports multiple -n (schema) and -t (table) options, and adds -N and -T options to exclude objects. Also, the arguments of these switches can now be wild-card expressions rather than single object names, for example -t 'foo*', and a schema can be part of a -t or -T switch, for example -t schema1.table1.

  • Add pg_restore --no-data-for-failed-tables option to suppress loading data if table creation failed (i.e., the table already exists) (Martin Pitt)

  • Add pg_restore option to run the entire session in a single transaction (Simon)

    Use option -1 or --single-transaction.

E.52.3.13. libpq Changes

  • Add PQencryptPassword() to encrypt passwords (Tom)

    This allows passwords to be sent pre-encrypted for commands like ALTER ROLE ... PASSWORD.

  • Add function PQisthreadsafe() (Bruce)

    This allows applications to query the thread-safety status of the library.

  • Add PQdescribePrepared(), PQdescribePortal(), and related functions to return information about previously prepared statements and open cursors (Volkan YAZICI)

  • Allow LDAP lookups from pg_service.conf (Laurenz Albe)

  • Allow a hostname in ~/.pgpass to match the default socket directory (Bruce)

    A blank hostname continues to match any Unix-socket connection, but this addition allows entries that are specific to one of several postmasters on the machine.

E.52.3.14. ecpg Changes

  • Allow SHOW to put its result into a variable (Joachim Wieland)

  • Add COPY TO STDOUT (Joachim Wieland)

  • Add regression tests (Joachim Wieland, Michael)

  • Major source code cleanups (Joachim Wieland, Michael)

E.52.3.15. Windows Port

  • Allow MSVC to compile the PostgreSQL server (Magnus, Hiroshi Saito)

  • Add MSVC support for utility commands and pg_dump (Hiroshi Saito)

  • Add support for Windows code pages 1253, 1254, 1255, and 1257 (Kris Jurka)

  • Drop privileges on startup, so that the server can be started from an administrative account (Magnus)

  • Stability fixes (Qingqing Zhou, Magnus)

  • Add native semaphore implementation (Qingqing Zhou)

    The previous code mimicked SysV semaphores.

E.52.3.16. Source Code Changes

  • Add GIN (Generalized Inverted iNdex) index access method (Teodor, Oleg)

  • Remove R-tree indexing (Tom)

    Rtree has been re-implemented using GiST. Among other differences, this means that rtree indexes now have support for crash recovery via write-ahead logging (WAL).

  • Reduce libraries needlessly linked into the backend (Martijn van Oosterhout, Tom)

  • Add a configure flag to allow libedit to be preferred over GNU readline (Bruce)

    Use configure --with-libedit-preferred.

  • Allow installation into directories containing spaces (Peter)

  • Improve ability to relocate installation directories (Tom)

  • Add support for Solaris x86_64 using the Solaris compiler (Pierre Girard, Theo Schlossnagle, Bruce)

  • Add DTrace support (Robert Lor)

  • Add PG_VERSION_NUM for use by third-party applications wanting to test the backend version in C using > and < comparisons (Bruce)

  • Add XLOG_BLCKSZ as independent from BLCKSZ (Mark Wong)

  • Add LWLOCK_STATS define to report locking activity (Tom)

  • Emit warnings for unknown configure options (Martijn van Oosterhout)

  • Add server support for "plugin" libraries that can be used for add-on tasks such as debugging and performance measurement (Korry Douglas)

    This consists of two features: a table of "rendezvous variables" that allows separately-loaded shared libraries to communicate, and a new configuration parameter local_preload_libraries that allows libraries to be loaded into specific sessions without explicit cooperation from the client application. This allows external add-ons to implement features such as a PL/pgSQL debugger.

  • Rename existing configuration parameter preload_libraries to shared_preload_libraries (Tom)

    This was done for clarity in comparison to local_preload_libraries.

  • Add new configuration parameter server_version_num (Greg Sabino Mullane)

    This is like server_version, but is an integer, e.g. 80200. This allows applications to make version checks more easily.

  • Add a configuration parameter seq_page_cost (Tom)

  • Re-implement the regression test script as a C program (Magnus, Tom)

  • Allow loadable modules to allocate shared memory and lightweight locks (Marc Munro)

  • Add automatic initialization and finalization of dynamically loaded libraries (Ralf Engelschall, Tom)

    New functions _PG_init() and _PG_fini() are called if the library defines such symbols. Hence we no longer need to specify an initialization function in shared_preload_libraries; we can assume that the library used the _PG_init() convention instead.

  • Add PG_MODULE_MAGIC header block to all shared object files (Martijn van Oosterhout)

    The magic block prevents version mismatches between loadable object files and servers.

  • Add shared library support for AIX (Laurenz Albe)

  • New XML documentation section (Bruce)

E.52.3.17. Contrib Changes

  • Major tsearch2 improvements (Oleg, Teodor)

    • multibyte encoding support, including UTF8

    • query rewriting support

    • improved ranking functions

    • thesaurus dictionary support

    • Ispell dictionaries now recognize MySpell format, used by OpenOffice

    • GIN support

  • Add adminpack module containing Pgadmin administration functions (Dave)

    These functions provide additional file system access routines not present in the default PostgreSQL server.

  • Add sslinfo module (Victor Wagner)

    Reports information about the current connection's SSL certificate.

  • Add pgrowlocks module (Tatsuo)

    This shows row locking information for a specified table.

  • Add hstore module (Oleg, Teodor)

  • Add isn module, replacing isbn_issn (Jeremy Kronuz)

    This new implementation supports EAN13, UPC, ISBN (books), ISMN (music), and ISSN (serials).

  • Add index information functions to pgstattuple (ITAGAKI Takahiro, Satoshi Nagayasu)

  • Add pg_freespacemap module to display free space map information (Mark Kirkwood)

  • pgcrypto now has all planned functionality (Marko Kreen)

    • Include iMath library in pgcrypto to have the public-key encryption functions always available.

    • Add SHA224 algorithm that was missing in OpenBSD code.

    • Activate builtin code for SHA224/256/384/512 hashes on older OpenSSL to have those algorithms always available.

    • New function gen_random_bytes() that returns cryptographically strong randomness. Useful for generating encryption keys.

    • Remove digest_exists(), hmac_exists() and cipher_exists() functions.

  • Improvements to cube module (Joshua Reich)

    New functions are cube(float[]), cube(float[], float[]), and cube_subset(cube, int4[]).

  • Add async query capability to dblink (Kai Londenberg, Joe Conway)

  • New operators for array-subset comparisons (@>, <@, &&) (Tom)

    Various contrib packages already had these operators for their datatypes, but the naming wasn't consistent. We have now added consistently named array-subset comparison operators to the core code and all the contrib packages that have such functionality. (The old names remain available, but are deprecated.)

  • Add uninstall scripts for all contrib packages that have install scripts (David, Josh Drake)

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