创建完美的代码：理解创建模式

这是有关设计模式的一系列博客的开始。在本博客中，我们将讨论第一种设计模式，即创建模式。这里将通过一些现实世界的例子来讨论属于创造模式的类型。我将使用 Java 作为我的选择语言。

什么是设计模式？

设计模式在软件开发中发挥着至关重要的作用，为常见问题提供经过验证的解决方案并推广最佳实践。它们就像预制的蓝图，您可以自定义它们来解决代码中反复出现的设计问题。

探索 Java 中的创意设计模式

在面向对象编程中，创建设计模式发挥着重要作用，因为它们使对象实例化与其使用分离成为可能，从而提高了对象创建的灵活性和可扩展性。这篇博文将重点介绍五种主要类型的创作型设计模式：工厂方法、抽象工厂、构建器、原型和单例。为了展示每个方法的工作原理，我们将使用 Java 中的实际示例。

1。工厂方法

工厂方法模式定义了一个用于创建对象的接口，但允许子类更改将创建的对象的类型。此模式支持 Java 中的松耦合，无需将特定于应用程序的类绑定到代码中。

现实场景：假设一家物流公司使用卡车和船舶等各种车辆运输货物。车辆类型取决于所需的运输方式。

// Product Interface
interface Transport {
    void deliver();
}

// Concrete Products
class Truck implements Transport {
    @Override
    public void deliver() {
        System.out.println("Deliver by land in a truck.");
    }
}

class Ship implements Transport {
    @Override
    public void deliver() {
        System.out.println("Deliver by sea in a ship.");
    }
}

// Creator
abstract class Logistics {
    public abstract Transport createTransport();

    public void planDelivery() {
        Transport transport = createTransport();
        transport.deliver();
    }
}

// Concrete Creators
class RoadLogistics extends Logistics {
    @Override
    public Transport createTransport() {
        return new Truck();
    }
}

class SeaLogistics extends Logistics {
    @Override
    public Transport createTransport() {
        return new Ship();
    }
}

// let's call the main class
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Logistics logistics = new RoadLogistics();
        logistics.planDelivery();

        logistics = new SeaLogistics();
        logistics.planDelivery();
    }
}

2。抽象工厂

抽象工厂模式提供了一个接口，用于创建相关或依赖对象系列，而无需指定它们的具体类。当系统需要独立于其对象的创建方式时，它非常有用。

现实生活场景：想象一家家具店，出售不同类型的家具套装，例如维多利亚风格和现代风格。每套都包含椅子、沙发等产品。

// Abstract Products
interface Chair {
    void sitOn();
}

interface Sofa {
    void lieOn();
}

// Concrete Products
class VictorianChair implements Chair {
    @Override
    public void sitOn() {
        System.out.println("Sitting on a Victorian chair.");
    }
}

class ModernChair implements Chair {
    @Override
    public void sitOn() {
        System.out.println("Sitting on a Modern chair.");
    }
}

class VictorianSofa implements Sofa {
    @Override
    public void lieOn() {
        System.out.println("Lying on a Victorian sofa.");
    }
}

class ModernSofa implements Sofa {
    @Override
    public void lieOn() {
        System.out.println("Lying on a Modern sofa.");
    }
}

// Abstract Factory
interface FurnitureFactory {
    Chair createChair();
    Sofa createSofa();
}

// Concrete Factories
class VictorianFurnitureFactory implements FurnitureFactory {
    @Override
    public Chair createChair() {
        return new VictorianChair();
    }

    @Override
    public Sofa createSofa() {
        return new VictorianSofa();
    }
}

class ModernFurnitureFactory implements FurnitureFactory {
    @Override
    public Chair createChair() {
        return new ModernChair();
    }

    @Override
    public Sofa createSofa() {
        return new ModernSofa();
    }
}

// Client code
public class Main {
    private static void createFurniture(FurnitureFactory factory) {
        Chair chair = factory.createChair();
        Sofa sofa = factory.createSofa();
        chair.sitOn();
        sofa.lieOn();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        FurnitureFactory victorianFactory = new VictorianFurnitureFactory();
        createFurniture(victorianFactory);

        FurnitureFactory modernFactory = new ModernFurnitureFactory();
        createFurniture(modernFactory);
    }
}

3。建造者

Builder 模式将复杂对象的构造与其表示分离，允许相同的构造过程创建不同的表示。它对于创建具有许多可选属性的对象特别有用。

现实场景：考虑一个在线披萨订购系统，客户可以使用各种配料、尺寸和外皮类型定制披萨。

// Product
class Pizza {
    private String dough = "";
    private String sauce = "";
    private String topping = "";

    public void setDough(String dough) { this.dough = dough; }
    public void setSauce(String sauce) { this.sauce = sauce; }
    public void setTopping(String topping) { this.topping = topping; }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Pizza [dough=" + dough + ", sauce=" + sauce + ", topping=" + topping + "]";
    }
}

// Builder Interface
interface PizzaBuilder {
    void buildDough();
    void buildSauce();
    void buildTopping();
    Pizza getPizza();
}

// Concrete Builders
class HawaiianPizzaBuilder implements PizzaBuilder {
    private Pizza pizza;

    public HawaiianPizzaBuilder() {
        this.pizza = new Pizza();
    }

    @Override
    public void buildDough() { pizza.setDough("cross"); }
    @Override
    public void buildSauce() { pizza.setSauce("mild"); }
    @Override
    public void buildTopping() { pizza.setTopping("ham+pineapple"); }
    @Override
    public Pizza getPizza() { return this.pizza; }
}

class SpicyPizzaBuilder implements PizzaBuilder {
    private Pizza pizza;

    public SpicyPizzaBuilder() {
        this.pizza = new Pizza();
    }

    @Override
    public void buildDough() { pizza.setDough("pan baked"); }
    @Override
    public void buildSauce() { pizza.setSauce("hot"); }
    @Override
    public void buildTopping() { pizza.setTopping("pepperoni+salami"); }
    @Override
    public Pizza getPizza() { return this.pizza; }
}

// Director
class Waiter {
    private PizzaBuilder pizzaBuilder;

    public void setPizzaBuilder(PizzaBuilder pb) { pizzaBuilder = pb; }
    public Pizza getPizza() { return pizzaBuilder.getPizza(); }

    public void constructPizza() {
        pizzaBuilder.buildDough();
        pizzaBuilder.buildSauce();
        pizzaBuilder.buildTopping();
    }
}

// Client code
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Waiter waiter = new Waiter();
        PizzaBuilder hawaiianPizzaBuilder = new HawaiianPizzaBuilder();
        PizzaBuilder spicyPizzaBuilder = new SpicyPizzaBuilder();

        waiter.setPizzaBuilder(hawaiianPizzaBuilder);
        waiter.constructPizza();
        Pizza pizza1 = waiter.getPizza();
        System.out.println("Pizza built: " + pizza1);

        waiter.setPizzaBuilder(spicyPizzaBuilder);
        waiter.constructPizza();
        Pizza pizza2 = waiter.getPizza();
        System.out.println("Pizza built: " + pizza2);
    }
}

4。原型

原型模式用于通过复制现有对象（称为原型）来创建新对象。当创建新对象的成本昂贵时，此模式很有用。

现实场景：想象一个图形编辑器，您可以在其中创建、复制和编辑形状。

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

// Prototype
abstract class Shape implements Cloneable {
    private String id;
    protected String type;

    abstract void draw();

    public String getType() { return type; }
    public String getId() { return id; }
    public void setId(String id) { this.id = id; }

    public Object clone() {
        Object clone = null;
        try {
            clone = super.clone();
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return clone;
    }
}

// Concrete Prototypes
class Rectangle extends Shape {
    public Rectangle() { type = "Rectangle"; }
    @Override
    public void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing a Rectangle."); }
}

class Circle extends Shape {
    public Circle() { type = "Circle"; }
    @Override
    public void draw() { System.out.println("Drawing a Circle."); }
}

// Prototype Registry
class ShapeCache {
    private static Map<String, Shape> shapeMap = new HashMap<>();

    public static Shape getShape(String shapeId) {
        Shape cachedShape = shapeMap.get(shapeId);
        return (Shape) cachedShape.clone();
    }

    public static void loadCache() {
        Rectangle rectangle = new Rectangle();
        rectangle.setId("1");
        shapeMap.put(rectangle.getId(), rectangle);

        Circle circle = new Circle();
        circle.setId("2");
        shapeMap.put(circle.getId(), circle);
    }
}

// Client code
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ShapeCache.loadCache();

        Shape clonedShape1 = ShapeCache.getShape("1");
        System.out.println("Shape: " + clonedShape1.getType());

        Shape clonedShape2 = ShapeCache.getShape("2");
        System.out.println("Shape: " + clonedShape2.getType());
    }
}

5。辛格尔顿

单例模式确保一个类只有一个实例并提供对其的全局访问点。此模式通常用于日志记录、缓存和线程池。

现实场景：想象一个打印机后台处理程序，其中只有一个实例应该管理所有打印作业。

class PrinterSpooler {
    private static PrinterSpooler instance;

    private PrinterSpooler() {
        // private constructor to prevent instantiation
    }

    public static PrinterSpooler getInstance() {
        if (instance == null) {
            instance = new PrinterSpooler();
        }
        return instance;
    }

    public void print(String document) {
        System.out.println("Printing document: " + document);
    }
}

// Client code
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        PrinterSpooler spooler1 = PrinterSpooler.getInstance();
        PrinterSpooler spooler2 = PrinterSpooler.getInstance();

        spooler1.print("Document 1");
        spooler2.print("Document 2");

        System.out.println("Are both spoolers the same instance? " + (spooler1 == spooler2));
    }
}

参考

https://refactoring.guru/

https://www.javatpoint.com/design-patterns-in-java

https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/java-design-patterns-example-tutorial

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