使用 Oats~i 构建 Web 应用程序 – 课程片段、路由和默认路由

今天，我们不讨论理论或入门项目。我们正在教程中构建我们自己的第一个 Oats~i 网络应用程序。

如果您是第一次阅读本文，请简要查看“用 Oats~i 构建网络”系列的开头部分，了解 Oats~i 是什么、它的工作原理以及如何设置它在您的前端开发环境中。

在本教程中，我们将构建我们自己的 Oats~i Web 应用程序，该应用程序将有两个页面，一个页面将显示随机的猫图片，另一个页面将根据标题搜索和显示电影，全部使用公开可用的 API。

但是，有很多东西需要学习，我们将一步一步地迈出步伐。因此，在第 1 课中，我们的目标是设置路由和片段并展示如何设置默认路由。

我们今天课程的最终项目将如下所示。

注意：

如果您想在我们开始之前运行最终代码，或者想直接跟随，请在此处找到源代码：https://github.com/Ian-Cornelius/Oats-i-Lesson-1-- -片段路由和默认路由

克隆存储库，导航到项目的根文件夹，打开终端，然后运行

npm install

等待安装完成，然后运行

npm run dev

在浏览器中打开终端中给出的网址，导航，然后继续操作。

此外，在整个系列中，我假设您总体上熟悉 html 和 css，以确保我们只坚持创建 Oats~i Web 应用程序时重要的代码位。开始使用 Oats~i 不需要高级 HTML 或 CSS 知识。只是基础知识。

此外，我假设您已经安装了 Node 和 npm。

现在，让我们开始吧！

设置

我们将使用 Oats~i cli 快速设置我们的项目。创建一个要运行 Oats~i 的新文件夹，导航到它，打开终端，然后运行

npx oats-i-cli

按照提示操作，等待安装完成。

您刚刚设置了完整的 Oats~i 开发环境。现在让我们开始删除和编辑起始项目中不需要的文件。

删除文件

首先，导航到 src ->应用程序->索引-> asset 并删除该文件夹下的所有文件。

然后，导航到 src ->应用程序->碎片并删除 about 和 home 文件夹。

创建猫和电影片段

Oats~i 主要通过片段系统渲染视图或页面。片段基本上是一个视图单元，由显示视觉细节或数据所需的组件或元素组成。

让我们以教程项目为例。

我们将有一个页面，用户可以单击按钮，并使用 http-cat API 根据随机选择的 http 代码向他们显示随机的猫图像。这将是主页或“/”路线。

在另一页上，用户将有一个搜索栏和按钮，他们可以在其中输入电影标题并使用电影 API 进行搜索。这是电影页面或“/movies”路线。

我们希望用户能够在这两个页面之间导航，分别在主页或“/”路线和电影页面或“/movies”路线中显示正确的视图。

这些视图是我们的片段。这是一个可视化，可以帮助使这个概念更清晰。

按照这个逻辑，我们这个项目的 Oats~i Web 应用程序将有两个片段。让我们创建这两个，每个都有自己的文件夹，其中包含完整的代码。

猫碎片文件夹

导航到 src ->应用程序->然后创建一个名为“http-cats”的新文件夹。此文件夹将保存 Oats~i 应用程序中 http-cats 片段的源代码，当用户导航到
时显示 “/”路线。

Inside the “http-cats” folder, create new folders named views, styles, assets, and scripts.

The views folder will hold the view templates for our http-cats fragment. The styles folder will hold the css files, the assets folder will hold the asset files (images, etc), and the scripts folder will hold our javascript files.

Note: These folder structures are not a strict enforcement by Oats~i but rather a logical project structure that I find to work best for most cases.

Now, let’s write the JavaScript source file that will actually render our http-cats fragment.

Write the Http-Cats Fragment Source File

Inside the scripts folder, create a new file named http_cats_main_fragment.js. Paste the following code inside it:

//@ts-check
//import styles
import "../styles/http_cats.css";

import AppFragmentBuilder from "oats-i/fragments/builder/AppFragmentBuilder";
import AppMainFragment from "oats-i/fragments/AppMainFragment"

class HTTPCatsMainFragment extends AppMainFragment{

    async initializeView(cb){

        //@ts-expect-error cannot find module (for view)
        const uiTemplate = require("../views/http_cats_fragment.hbs")();
        this.onViewInitSuccess(uiTemplate, cb);
    }
}

const httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder = new AppFragmentBuilder(HTTPCatsMainFragment, {

    localRoutingInfos: null,
    viewID: "http-cats-main-fragment",
});
export default httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder;

Now, let’s break it down.

Importing CSS Files (Styling)

The first line imports our css file, used to style our http-cats fragment view. Webpack handles loading this file into our final HTML file using the css loader, style loader, and html webpack plugin we’d configured before.

AppMainFragment, AppFragmentBuilder (and AppChildFragment Classes - Fragment Classes)

The next lines import the AppMainFragment class and the AppFragmentBuilder class.

When building Oats~i fragments, you’ll be extending from either of two fragment classes. These are the main fragment or child fragment class.

The main fragment is the parent fragment view of your page or route. Its content is encapsulated within a div element, given the id passed in as the viewID when instantiating the AppFragmentBuilder class. This content is then placed inside the tag which you put inside the tag.

There can only be one main fragment per route or page. Any other view that will be rendered by a fragment afterwards must be from a child fragment. You can picture it this way using a HTML markup tree.

<app-root>
    <main-fragment>
        <div id=”{viewID}”
            <!-- main fragment content -->
            <child-fragment id=”{childFragmentID}”>
                <div id=”{viewID (childfragment)}”>
                </div>
            </child-fragment>
        </div>
    </main-fragment>
</app-root>

That’s why, as you’ll observe later when looking at setting up routes, we define a target which builds a main fragment, then supply nested child fragments which build child fragments in order of their rendering in the HTML tree, from the main-fragment.

This way, Oats~i can sequentially render your fragments and therefore views, without conflict, and swap them easily based on their position in the tree.

We’ll add a child fragment to this project later. For now, let’s just grasp the base concept of a fragment.

Implementing the AppMainFragment Class

What you’ll learn here and in more tutorials involving fragments will be exactly how you’ll implement any fragment class, regardless of whether it’s inherited from a main or child fragment class.

In our example, we’re only interested in overriding one method:

async initializeView(cb)

This method is called by Oats~i when it’s building a fragment to retrieve its view template as a html string. In our case, we require our view template file for the http-cats fragment using the line:

const uiTemplate = require("../views/http_cats_fragment.hbs")();

The view file is a handlebars template. We’ll create and implement it shortly.

After templating our view into a html string, we now pass it to the internal method

this.onViewInitSuccess(uiTemplate, cb);

Calling this method informs the fragment that we’ve completed templating our view and it can proceed to the next build phase.

And for our purposes in this tutorial, that’s just about it. Our fragment now has a view to attach, and we don’t have any buttons or listeners to bind yet. We’ll handle that in our next tutorial. But for now, this fragment is set to go.

Except for one tiny step.

AppFragmentBuilder

Oats~i builds fragments by first instantiating them when they’re needed for a specific route. It does this through the AppFragmentBuilder class.

We instantiate this class with the class definition of our fragment and it’s constructor arguments that will be passed to it on instantiation.

Therefore, in our project, we create an instance of AppFragmentBuilder, passing in the HttpCatsMainFragment class, and constructor arguments including localRoutingInfos and viewID.

const httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder = new AppFragmentBuilder(HTTPCatsMainFragment, {

    localRoutingInfos: null,
    viewID: "http-cats-main-fragment",
});

The constructor argument you should pay attention to for now is the viewID.

As mentioned before, the view you render from initializeView() is wrapped inside a parent div element, which is assigned this viewID as its id. Doing this makes it easier for Oats~i to track whether your fragment’s view has been loaded, and remove it from the DOM when the fragment is being destroyed.

Finally, we export this builder, as that is what will be passed as the target, and in the case of a child fragment, one of the nested child fragments when providing the app’s routing info.

export default httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder;

Implement the View Template for Http-Cats Fragment

Now, let’s implement the view template file we imported as the view for our http-cats fragment. Oats~i uses handlebars by default for templating view files. However, since Oats~i only cares about the view being provided as a html string, you can modify the templating engine to whichever suits you and your project, as long as it can be used with webpack.

In the http-cats folder, open the views folder and create a new file named http_cats_fragment.hbs.

Open the file and paste the following code:

<section class="section">
    <h1 class="frag-header mont-txt"><span>Get Me a Random Cat</span></h1>
    <button class="b-cta mont-txt" id="get-cat">Meeeow</button>
</section>

Implement the Styling for Http-Cats Fragment’s View

Now lets implement the styling for the http-cats fragment’s view we’ve just templated.

Inside the http-cats folder, navigate to styles and create a file named http_cats.css. Paste the following code inside it:

.section {

    padding: 0 40px;
}

.frag-header {

    font-size: 32px !important;
    font-weight: 700 !important;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    justify-content: end;
    min-height: 120px;
}

.b-cta {

    padding: 11px 12px;
    background-color: #7da464;
    border: none;
    cursor: pointer;
    color: white !important;
}

#get-cat {

    margin-top: 25px;
}

With these files set up, our imported files in the http-cats main fragment, specifically the styling and views, have now been implemented.

You might be probably itching to see how the web app looks like already. So, instead of implementing our second fragment, let’s just put everything together and see what our current web app looks like.

Implement Our Root View

From our previous part of this series, where we talked about starting an Oats~i app, I mentioned that Oats~i expects that you give it a template for the app root view or have it already implemented in your main html file before it can start rendering your route and fragments.

This app root view is basically the primary view of your entire web app, encapsulating bits of it that will never change.

In our case, we’ll write this in our main html file, that is the home.sv.hbs file that is always served by the server whenever the web app is initially loaded.

Navigate to src -> server -> home and open the home.sv.hbs file. Delete its content and replace it with the following code:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Build a Web App with Oats~i: Lesson 1</title>
</head>
<body>
    <app-root id="my-app">
        <div id="nav">
            <div id="logo"><p class="mont-txt"><span>&lt;/&gt;</span>Public APIs</p></div>
            <div id="links">
                <a href="/" class="nav-link mont-txt http-cats-link">HTTP Cats</a>
                <a href="/movies" class="nav-link mont-txt movies-link">Movies</a>
            </div>
        </div>
        <main-fragment>

        </main-fragment>
    </app-root>
</body>
</html>

Most of this code looks like your typical html markup. However, pay close attention to the start and end of the tag.

Oats~i app root view begins with the app-root tag. Within it, you can markup bits of your view that will never change. In our instance, this is the navigation that will be rendered at the left of the screen. Then, we finally include a single tag and leave it as is.

This is where Oats~i will start loading our fragments, starting with the main fragment then its children.

Now, navigate to src -> app -> index -> styles -> index.css and let’s code the styling for our app root view.

Before doing that, delete the adjacent index_responsive.css file. That was for the starter project that comes in default with Oats~i, so we don’t need it.

Now, for our index.css file, I’ve put the styling in that folder because it more represents the base or “index” styling of the app. You can always place this file wherever it suits you best as long as the import is right.

Open the index.css file, delete its content, and replace it with the following:

@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Archivo+Black&family=Montserrat:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&family=Mulish:ital@0;1&family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,300..800;1,300..800&display=swap');

/* Crucial styling to allow specially structured A links to still have clicks intercepted by router. */
/* Carry over to your project */
a *:not([click-override=true]){ 

    pointer-events: none 
}

body {

    margin: 0;
    background-color: white;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    overflow-x: hidden;
    --body-padding: 24px;
    --color-primary: #6b929a;
}

.mont-txt {

    font-family: "Montserrat", sans-serif;
    font-weight: 400;
    font-style: normal;
    color: black;
    margin: 0;
    font-size: 16px;
}

#my-app {

    position: relative;
    display: grid;
    grid-template-columns: auto 1fr;
}

#nav {

    box-sizing: border-box;
    height: 100lvh;
    background: var(--color-primary);
    min-width: 332px;
    width: max-content;
}

#logo {

    padding-left: var(--body-padding);
    min-height: 120px;
    width: 100%;
    position: relative;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
}

#logo::before {

    content: "";
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 0;
    left: 0;
    width: 100%;
    height: 3px;
    background-color: white;
}

#logo > p {

    color: white;
    font-weight: 700;
    font-size: 12px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 8px;
}

#logo > p > span {

    display: inline-block;
    width: 42px;
    height: 42px;
    border: 1px white solid;
    background-color: #486970;
    border-radius: 500px;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
}

#links {

    margin: 40px var(--body-padding);
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    gap: 16px;
}

.nav-link {

    text-decoration: none;
    color: black;
    font-weight: 400;
}

.nav-link[navigation-state=active] {

    font-weight: 700;
    color: white;
}

.nav-link[navigation-state=active]::before {

    content: "~ ";
}

Most of this code is just project-specific, so unrelated to how Oats~i works. Except for a few directives.

a *:not([click-override=true]){ 

    pointer-events: none 
}

As mentioned in the previous part of this series, this directive ensures you can write unique markup inside your A tags and have Oats~i still intercept its clicks correctly. This is just a quirk with how events bubble in js.

Also, another directive that I want you to pay attention to is this:

.nav-link[navigation-state=active] {

    font-weight: 700;
    color: white;
}

The above directive, and its counterpart that immediately follows for the pseudoelement ::before, allows us to change the look of our links or navigation buttons when Oats~i has detected we’ve clicked on it and the requested routing has been initiated.

As mentioned in the previous part of the series, Oats~i uses an array of navigation info to know which elements are the main navigational buttons or links in your app, automatically attach listeners to them, and tell you when each is active.

Therefore, in this case, our work is to only apply unique styling to our navigational links when they’re active, using the attribute navigation-state=”active”, which adds a tilde, increases the font weight, and changes the color to white for our specific link.

The only thing left to ensure Oats~i updates this attribute is to just supply the right main navigation info, which we’ll do shortly.

Now, let’s implement the index.js file where we start our Oats~i app, create our routing info, and main navigation info.

Implement Index.js

Our Oats~i app starts at the index.js file. If you’re familiar with webpack configuration, you’ll notice that this is our entry point for our configuration and the chunk we inject into the home.sv.hbs file when emitting it as a hbs file using html webpack plugin.

Navigate to src -> app -> index -> scripts, and open the index.js file. Delete all content and replace it with this:

//@ts-check
import AppStateManager from "oats-i/base-history/app_state_manager";
import appRoot from "oats-i/bin/app_root"
import AppRoutingInfo from "./routing-info/app_routing_info";
import MainRouter from "oats-i/router/main_router";
import AppMainNavInfo from "./routing-info/app_main_nav_info";

//import styles
import "../styles/index.css";

function initApp(){

    const appStateManager = new AppStateManager(AppRoutingInfo);
    appRoot.initApp(appStateManager, new MainRouter(AppRoutingInfo, appStateManager, (args) => {}, "", async (url) => {

        return {

            canAccess: true,
            fallbackRoute: "/"
        }
    }), { template: null, mainNavInfos: AppMainNavInfo }, "");
}

initApp();

Most of what’s happening here was explained in the previous part of this series, so I once again encourage you to read it if you haven’t. The only important line of code here is the style import:

import "../styles/index.css";

Again, we’re just simply importing our styling file for index or more specifically, our app root view, and our css loaders and html webpack plugin will take care of packaging it in our final view template (home.hbs).

The other crucial bits of this code are the AppRoutingInfo and AppMainNavInfo imports. From the previous part of the series, I explained that these two provide the routing information for the web app and the main navigation info.

Let’s implement them specifically for our project.

Implement AppRoutingInfo

Navigate to src -> app -> index -> scripts -> routing-info and open the app_routing_info.js file. Delete its content and paste the following code:

//@ts-check
import RoutingInfoUtils from "oats-i/router/utils/routing-info/routing_info_utils";
import AppMainNavInfo from "./app_main_nav_info";
import httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder from "../../../fragments/http-cats/scripts/http_cats_main_fragment";

const AppRoutingInfo = RoutingInfoUtils.buildMainRoutingInfo([

    {
        route: "/",
        target: httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder,
        nestedChildFragments: null
    }

], AppMainNavInfo);

export default AppRoutingInfo;

Most of what you see here was previously explained in the previous part of this series. What I’ll touch on are the specific routing info we provide.

In this case, we only have one routing info provided as:

{
        route: "/",
        target: httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder,
        nestedChildFragments: null
    }

This directs Oats~i that for the route “/” or our home page, we start building from the target or main fragment provided by httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder. Our nestedChildFragments is null, meaning Oats~i will not render any child fragments inside the main fragment because they’re not provided.

So, when the user navigates to “/”, or the page loads from “/”, Oats~i will match this routing info, emit an instance of the HttpCatsMainFragment from its builder, the httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder, and render it by invoking its rendering functions, initializeView() being one of them.

We’ll add routing info for our movies fragment later on. For now, let’s implement the AppMainNavInfo.

Implement AppMainNavInfo

Inside the routing-info folder, open the app_main_nav_info.js file. Delete the content and paste the following code:

//@ts-check
import MainNavigationInfoBuilder from "oats-i/router/utils/nav-info/main_nav_info_builder";

const AppMainNavInfo = MainNavigationInfoBuilder.buildMainNavigationInfo([

    {
        selector: "http-cats-link",
        defaultRoute: "/",
        baseActiveRoute: "/",
    }
]);

export default AppMainNavInfo;

Most of this code had been explained in the previous part of the series. What’s of importance here is the nav info we provide for our app at this stage.

{
        selector: "http-cats-link",
        defaultRoute: "/",
        baseActiveRoute: "/",
    }

Oats~i interprets this as our navigation button or link is identified by the dot selector http-cats-link (therefore has the class attribute of the same) and it should navigate to the defaultRoute “/” and it will be labelled as active for the base route “/” and any that starts with it, as long as it’s the best match/fit.

We’d already templated our nav link with this selector and route in the app root view.

<a href="/" class="nav-link mont-txt http-cats-link">HTTP Cats</a>

That’s just about it.

Let’s test what our app looks like now.

Running the Project for The First Time

Open the terminal, ensure you are at the project’s root folder, and run:

npm run dev

Open the address shown in the terminal in your browser (often is localhost:8080) and look at your first Oats~i web app in action. You should have a view like this:

Now, to experience routing and fragments switching in action, let’s quickly implement the movies fragment. This should be faster because you now understand what’s happening.

Implement the Movies Fragment

Navigate to src -> app -> fragments and create a new folder named movies. Inside the movies folder, create new folders named exactly as in the http-cats folder, that is assets, scripts, styles, and views.

Open the scripts folder, and create a file named movies_main_fragment.js. Paste the following code inside it:

//@ts-check
//import styles
import "../styles/movies.css";

import AppFragmentBuilder from "oats-i/fragments/builder/AppFragmentBuilder";
import AppMainFragment from "oats-i/fragments/AppMainFragment"

class MoviesMainFragment extends AppMainFragment{

    async initializeView(cb){

        //@ts-expect-error cannot find module (for view)
        const uiTemplate = require("../views/movies_fragment.hbs")();
        this.onViewInitSuccess(uiTemplate, cb);
    }
}

const moviesMainFragmentBuilder = new AppFragmentBuilder(MoviesMainFragment, {

    localRoutingInfos: null,
    viewID: "movies-main-fragment",
});

export default moviesMainFragmentBuilder;

Navigate back to the movies folder, open the views folder, create a file named movies_fragment.hbs and paste the following code:

<section class="section logo-section">
    <h1 class="frag-header mont-txt"><span>I Love This Movie</span></h1>
    <form class="mont-txt" id="movie-form">
        <input type="text" id="movie-search" placeholder="What's the title?">
        <button class="b-cta mont-txt" id="find-movie">Find it</button>
    </form>
</section>

Finally, navigate back to the movies folder, open the styles folder and create a movies.css file. Paste the following code:

#movie-form {

    display: flex;
    flex-direction: row;
    align-items: center;
    gap: 10px;
    margin-top: 25px;
}

#movie-search {

    padding: 11px 16px;
    background-color: #7da464;
    width: 414px;
    color: white !important;
    border: none;
}

#find-movie {

    background-color: black;
}

Our movies fragment is done. We have the JavaScript source file, our view template, and its styling, all of which have been imported in our source file. Now, we just have to add a new routing info and main nav info for these, rerun the app, and see our complete project.

Update AppRoutingInfo

Open the app_routing_info.js file and add the following bits of code.

At the top of the file, just under the current imports, import our exported builder for the movies main fragment.

import moviesMainFragmentBuilder from "../../../fragments/movies/scripts/movies_main_fragment";

Finally, inside the array of routing infos, add the info for our movies fragment. It will be for the route “/movies”, matching the link we’ve used in our navigational link that initiates the routing.

{
        route: "/movies",
        target: moviesMainFragmentBuilder,
        nestedChildFragments: null
    }

PS: Don’t forget the comma separating the two ?

Now, let’s finalize by updating our AppMainNavInfo, so that our navigational link for movies is styled correctly when we’re in that route.

Update AppMainNavInfo

Open the app_main_nav_info.js file and add the following nav info inside the array:

{
        selector: "movies-link",
        defaultRoute: "/movies",
        baseActiveRoute: "/movies",
    }

PS: Remember that comma. Saving you some hairs ?

Remember, our navigation link matches this selector and default route, as we described it inside our home.sv.hbs file.

<a href="/movies" class="nav-link mont-txt movies-link">Movies</a>

And that’s it. If you’d stopped the app, just run npm run dev again.

If not, webpack would have automatically picked up the changes and refreshed the browser. So just give the web app a look.

You should now be able to navigate between the http-cat route “/” and the movies route “/movies” with our nav links updating based on which one is currently active.

Bonus – Default Routes

Here’s a bonus that might help you curate your Oats~i web app experiences in your future projects.

In the previous part of the series, I talked about how Oats~i allows you to define a default route that the app should launch in in case the initial route is not a validly defined option in the routing info.

For our project as is, the home route “/”, which is the base route our app will load in first, is already defined in our routing info. But what if we wanted to start at the route “/http-cats”, which will now define the build for the http-cats main fragment?

We can change the routing info entry for http-cats to have the route as “/http-cats” then in the startup script, provide that route as the default route.

Your updated routing info should look like:

{
        route: "/http-cats",
        target: httpCatsMainFragmentBuilder,
        nestedChildFragments: null
    }

And the startup script should be updated to look as follows:

appRoot.initApp(appStateManager, new MainRouter(AppRoutingInfo, appStateManager, (args) => {}, "", async (url) => {

        return {

            canAccess: true,
            fallbackRoute: "/"
        }
    }), { template: null, mainNavInfos: AppMainNavInfo }, "/http-cats"); //note the change from “” to “/http-cats”

Now, if you run the app and load it from the home route “/”, Oats~i will attempt to find a matching route info for the route, which it will fail, then fallback to the default, and update the address to our defined default, which is “/http-cats”.

So, our web app will now default to /http-cats whenever its loaded from home or a url that is not explicitly defined in the web app’s routing info. (So, not just home “/” but even “/someRandomUrl”)

Sign Up and Follow for the Next Tutorial

That’s it for lesson 1. Quite some concepts to learn and grasp but I hope it was exciting nonetheless. In the next lesson and part of this series, we’ll actually implement these APIs and add data management and reactivity to our Oats~i app.

If you have any questions, feel free to comment them below. Also, consider supporting with a like, follow, or donation.

See you in the next one.

Support Oats~i

You can support the development of Oats~i through Patreon*** or buy me a coffee.

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