单一责任原则

每个软件组件都应该只有一个且一个职责

软件组件可以是类、方法或模块

例如，瑞士军刀是一种多用途工具，违反了软件开发的单一责任原则，相反，刀是遵循单一责任的一个很好的例子（因为与瑞士军刀不同，它只能用于切割可用于切割、打开罐头、作为万能钥匙、剪刀等）

由于无论是现实世界还是软件开发，变化都是不变的，单一职责原则的定义也会随之变化

每个软件组件都应该有一个且仅有一个更改的理由

---

下面的 Employee 类发生变化的原因有以下三个

1. 员工属性变化
2. 数据库更改
3. 税收计算方式的变化

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.Statement;

/**
 * Employee class has details of employee
 * This class is responsible for saving employee details, getting tax of
 * employee and getting
 * details of employee like name, id, address, contact, etc.
 */
public class Employee {
    private String employeeId;
    private String employeeName;
    private String employeeAddress;
    private String contactNumber;
    private String employeeType;

    public void save() {
        String insert = MyUtil.serializeIntoString(this);
        Connection connection = null;
        Statement statement = null;
        try {
            Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
            connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc://mysql://localhost:8080/MyDb", "root", "password");
            statement = connection.createStatement();
            statement.execute("insert into employee values (" + insert + ")");

        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

    }

    public void calculateTax() {
        if (this.getEmployeeType().equals("fulltime")) {
            // tax calculation for full time employee
        } else if (this.getEmployeeType().equals("contract")) {
            // tax calculation for contract type employee
        }
    }

    public String getEmployeeId() {
        return employeeId;
    }

    public void setEmployeeId(String employeeId) {
        this.employeeId = employeeId;
    }

    public String getEmployeeName() {
        return employeeName;
    }

    public void setEmployeeName(String employeeName) {
        this.employeeName = employeeName;
    }

    public String getEmployeeAddress() {
        return employeeAddress;
    }

    public void setEmployeeAddress(String employeeAddress) {
        this.employeeAddress = employeeAddress;
    }

    public String getContactNumber() {
        return contactNumber;
    }

    public void setContactNumber(String contactNumber) {
        this.contactNumber = contactNumber;
    }

    public String getEmployeeType() {
        return employeeType;
    }

    public void setEmployeeType(String employeeType) {
        this.employeeType = employeeType;
    }

}

由于SRP（单一职责原则）建议在类中只有一个更改原因，因此我们必须在Employee类中进行一些修改

---

SRP 变化

现在，Employee 类中发生变化的原因只有一个

变更原因：员工属性变更

/**
 * Employee class has details of employee
 */
public class Employee {
    private String employeeId;
    private String employeeName;
    private String employeeAddress;
    private String contactNumber;
    private String employeeType;

    public void save() {
       new EmployeeRepository().save(this);
    }

    public void calculateTax() {
       new TaxCalculator().calculateTax(this);
    }

    public String getEmployeeId() {
        return employeeId;
    }

    public void setEmployeeId(String employeeId) {
        this.employeeId = employeeId;
    }

    public String getEmployeeName() {
        return employeeName;
    }

    public void setEmployeeName(String employeeName) {
        this.employeeName = employeeName;
    }

    public String getEmployeeAddress() {
        return employeeAddress;
    }

    public void setEmployeeAddress(String employeeAddress) {
        this.employeeAddress = employeeAddress;
    }

    public String getContactNumber() {
        return contactNumber;
    }

    public void setContactNumber(String contactNumber) {
        this.contactNumber = contactNumber;
    }

    public String getEmployeeType() {
        return employeeType;
    }

    public void setEmployeeType(String employeeType) {
        this.employeeType = employeeType;
    }

}

---

此外，EmployeeRepository 类中发生更改的原因只有一个

更改原因：数据库更改

import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.Statement;

public class EmployeeRepository {

    public void save(Employee employee) {
         String insert = MyUtil.serializeIntoString(employee);
        Connection connection = null;
        Statement statement = null;
        try {
            Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
            connection = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc://mysql://localhost:8080/MyDb", "root", "password");
            statement = connection.createStatement();
            statement.execute("insert into employee values (" + insert + ")");

        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
}

}

---

最后，TaxCalculator 类中发生更改的原因只有一个

变更原因：税务计算变更

public class TaxCalculator {

    public void calculateTax(Employee employee) {
        if (employee.getEmployeeType().equals("fulltime")) {
            // tax calculation for full time employee
        } else if (employee.getEmployeeType().equals("contract")) {
            // tax calculation for contract type employee
        }
    }
}

---

注意：所有 3 个类现在都遵循单一职责原则，因此遵循两个定义

创建类或任何软件组件时请记住：以高内聚和松散耦合为目标

每个软件组件应该只有一个和一个职责和
每个软件组件都应该有一个且仅有一个更改的理由

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