使用这些项目涵盖所有 Python 基础知识 |从测验到密码管理器。

制作项目是将所学知识付诸实践的最佳方式。虽然这些项目看起来简单易行，但它们在奠定 Python 编程的坚实基础方面发挥着至关重要的作用。我创建了这些项目来涵盖 Python 的大部分基础知识，确保任何人都可以通过实践练习来学习和提高他们的编码技能。

1. 问答游戏

这是什么？一个简单的问答游戏，计算机提出问题，玩家回答。

使用的概念：

• 列表和元组
• 随机模块
• 循环
• 条件语句
• 用户输入处理
• 分数追踪

工作原理：游戏开始时欢迎玩家并询问他们是否想玩。然后它会从预定义的列表中提出一系列随机问题。玩家的答案将被检查，他们的分数也会相应更新。游戏会针对每个答案提供反馈，并在最后显示最终分数。

import random  # Import the random module for shuffling

print("Welcome to the Quiz Game")  # Print welcome message
wanna_play = input("Do you want to play the game (yes/no): ").lower()  # Ask if the user wants to play
if wanna_play != 'yes':  # If user does not want to play, quit
    quit()
print("Okay, then! Let's play")  # Print message to start the game

# Creating a list of tuples containing questions and answers 
question_answer_pairs = [
    ("What does CPU stand for?", "Central Processing Unit"),
    ("Which programming language is known as the 'mother of all languages'?", "C"),
    ("What does HTML stand for?", "HyperText Markup Language"),
    # ... (more questions)
]

# Shuffle the list of tuples to ensure random order
random.shuffle(question_answer_pairs)

score = 0

# Iterate through the shuffled list of tuples 
for question, correct_answer in question_answer_pairs:
    user_answer = input(f"{question} ").strip()  # Ask the question and get user input
    if user_answer.lower() == correct_answer.lower():  # Check if the answer is correct
        print("Correct answer")
        score += 1  # Increase score for a correct answer
    else:
        print(f"Incorrect answer. The correct answer is: {correct_answer}")
        score -= 1  # Decrease score for an incorrect answer
    print(f"Current Score: {score}")

# Print the final score
print(f"Quiz over! Your final score is {score}/{len(question_answer_pairs)}")

2. 猜数字游戏（电脑猜）

这是什么？一种猜数字游戏，计算机尝试猜测用户选择的数字。

使用的概念：

• 功能
• 循环
• 条件语句
• 用户输入处理
• 二分查找算法

工作原理：用户定义一个范围并选择该范围内的数字。然后，计算机使用二分搜索方法来猜测数字，用户提供关于猜测是否过高、过低或正确的反馈。游戏继续进行，直到计算机猜对或确定数字超出指定范围。

def guess_number():
    """
    Function where the computer attempts to guess a number chosen by the user within a specified range.

    The user defines the lower and upper bounds of the range and provides a number for the computer to guess.
    The computer uses a binary search approach to guess the number and the user provides feedback to guide it.
    """
    # Get the lower bound of the range from the user
    low = int(input("Enter the lower range: "))
    # Get the upper bound of the range from the user
    high = int(input("Enter the higher range: "))

    # Check if the provided range is valid
    if low >= high:
        print("Invalid range. The higher range must be greater than the lower range.")
        return  # Exit the function if the range is invalid

    # Get the number from the user that the computer will attempt to guess
    Your_number = int(input(f"Enter your number for the computer to guess between {low} and {high}: "))

    # Check if the number entered by the user is within the specified range
    if Your_number < low or Your_number > high:
        print("The number you entered is out of the specified range.")
        return  # Exit the function if the number is out of the range

    # Initialize the computer's guess variable
    computer_guess = None

    # Loop until the computer guesses the correct number
    while computer_guess != Your_number:
        # Compute the computer's guess as the midpoint of the current range
        computer_guess = (low + high) // 2
        print(f"The computer guesses: {computer_guess}")

        # Get feedback from the user about the computer's guess
        feedback = input(f"Is {computer_guess} too low, too high, or correct? (Enter 'h' for higher, 'l' for lower, 'c' for correct): ").strip().lower()

        # Process the user's feedback to adjust the guessing range
        if feedback == 'c':
            if computer_guess == Your_number:
                print("The computer guessed your number correctly! Congrats!")
                return  # Exit the function once the correct number is guessed
            else:
                continue  
        elif feedback == 'h':
            high = computer_guess - 1  # If the guess is too high, lower the upper range
        elif feedback == 'l':
            low = computer_guess + 1  # If the guess is too low, increase the lower range
        else:
            print("Invalid feedback, please enter 'h', 'l', or 'c'.")  # Handle invalid feedback

# Call the function to start the guessing game
guess_number()

3. 猜数字游戏（用户猜测）

这是什么？一种猜数字游戏，用户尝试猜测随机生成的数字。

使用的概念：

• 功能
• 随机模块
• 循环
• 条件语句
• 异常处理
• 用户输入验证

工作原理：计算机生成指定范围内的随机数。然后用户进行猜测，程序会提供有关猜测是否过高或过低的反馈。游戏将继续，直到用户猜出正确的数字或​​决定退出。

import random  # Import the random module to use its functions for generating random numbers

def guess_random_number(number):
    """
    Function to allow the user to guess a random number between 1 and the specified `number`.
    This function generates a random integer between 1 and the provided `number` (inclusive).
    It then repeatedly prompts the user to guess the random number, providing feedback on whether
    the guess is too high or too low, until the correct number is guessed. The function handles
    invalid inputs by catching exceptions and informing the user to enter a valid integer.
    """
    # Generate a random number between 1 and the specified `number` (inclusive)
    random_number = random.randint(1, number)
    guess = None  # Initialize the variable `guess` to None before starting the loop

    # Loop until the user guesses the correct number
    while guess != random_number:
        try:
            # Prompt the user to enter a number between 1 and `number`
            guess = int(input(f"Enter a number between 1 and {number}: "))

            # Provide feedback based on whether the guess is too low or too high
            if guess < random_number:
                print("Too low, guess a greater number.")
            elif guess > random_number:
                print("Too high, guess a smaller number.")

        except ValueError:
            # Handle the case where the user inputs something that isn't an integer
            print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid integer.")

    # Congratulate the user once they guess the correct number
    print("You have guessed the random number correctly. Congrats!")

# Call the function with an upper limit of 10
guess_random_number(10)

4. 刽子手游戏

这是什么？一款经典的猜词游戏，玩家尝试逐个字母地猜测隐藏的单词。

使用的概念：

• 导入模块
• 从列表中随机选择
• 字符串操作
• 循环
• 条件语句
• 列表理解

工作原理：游戏从预定义列表中随机选择一个单词。然后玩家一次猜测一个字母。正确的猜测会揭示字母在单词中的位置，而错误的猜测会减少玩家的剩余生命。当玩家猜出整个单词或生命耗尽时，游戏结束。

import random
from word_list import words  # Import the words from word_list.py file

def hangman():
    random_word = random.choice(words)  # Generate the random word
    print(random_word)  # Print the chosen word for testing purposes; remove in production

    word_display = ["_"] * len(random_word)  # Create blank lines "_" equal to the length of the word
    guessed_letters = []  # Empty list to store the letters that have been guessed
    lives = 5  # Number of lives for the player

    print("Welcome to Hangman!")  # Print welcome statement
    print(" ".join(word_display))  # Display the current state of the word

    while lives > 0:  # The game continues to run as long as the player has more than 0 lives
        user_guess = input("Enter a single letter for your guess: ").lower()  # Ask the player to input a letter

        # Check whether the player entered a valid input
        if len(user_guess) != 1 or not user_guess.isalpha():
            print("Invalid input. Please enter a single letter.")
            continue

        # Check if the letter has already been guessed
        if user_guess in guessed_letters:
            print(f"You've already guessed '{user_guess}'. Try another guess.")
            continue

        # Add the guessed letter to the guessed_letters list
        guessed_letters.append(user_guess)

        # Check if the guessed letter is in the random_word
        if user_guess in random_word:
            # Update word_display with the correctly guessed letter
            for index, letter in enumerate(random_word):
                if letter == user_guess:
                    word_display[index] = user_guess
            print("Good guess!")
        else:
            lives -= 1  # Reduce the number of remaining lives by 1 for an incorrect guess
            print(f"Wrong guess! Remaining lives: {lives}")

        # Display the current state of the word
        print(" ".join(word_display))

        # Check if the player has guessed all letters
        if "_" not in word_display:
            print("Congratulations, you guessed the word!")
            break

    else:
        # This runs if no lives are left
        print(f"You have run out of lives. The word was: {random_word}")

hangman()  # Function to start the game

5.石头剪刀布

这是什么？ ​​一款经典的“石头、剪子、布”游戏，用户可以与电脑对战。

使用的概念：

• 循环
• 条件语句
• 功能
• 随机模块
• 用户输入处理

工作原理：用户选择石头、布或剪刀，而计算机也会随机选择其中一个选项。然后程序会比较选择，确定获胜者，并询问用户是否想再次玩。

import random  # Import the random module to generate random choices for the computer.

def playGame():
    while True:  # Infinite loop to keep the game running until the user decides to stop.
        # Ask the user to enter their choice and convert it to lowercase.
        user_choice = input("Enter 'r' for rock, 'p' for paper, 's' for scissors: ").strip().lower()

        # Check if the user input is valid (i.e., 'r', 'p', or 's').
        if user_choice not in ['r', 'p', 's']:
            print("Invalid Input. Please try again.")
            continue  # If the input is invalid, restart the loop.

        print(f"You chose {user_choice}")  # Display the user's choice.

        # Computer randomly picks one of the choices ('r', 'p', 's').
        computer_choice = random.choice(['r', 'p', 's'])
        print(f"The computer chose {computer_choice}")  # Display the computer's choice.

        # Check if the user's choice is the same as the computer's choice.
        if user_choice == computer_choice:
            print("It's a tie.")  # It's a tie if both choices are the same.
        elif _iswinner(user_choice, computer_choice):
            print("You won!")  # The user wins if their choice beats the computer's choice.
        else:
            print("You lost.")  # The user loses if the computer's choice beats theirs.

        # Ask the user if they want to play again.
        play_again = input("Do you want to play again? Enter 'yes' or 'no': ").strip().lower()

        # If the user doesn't enter 'yes', end the game.
        if play_again != 'yes':
            print("Thank you for playing!")  # Thank the user for playing.
            break  # Exit the loop and end the game.

def _iswinner(user, computer):
    # Determine if the user's choice beats the computer's choice.
    # Rock ('r') beats Scissors ('s'), Scissors ('s') beat Paper ('p'), Paper ('p') beats Rock ('r').
    if (user == "r" and computer == "s") or (user == "p" and computer == "r") or (user == "s" and computer == "p"):
        return True  # Return True if the user wins.

# Start the game by calling the playGame function.
playGame()

6. 2 用户井字钉

它是什么 Tic-Tac-Toe 是一款经典的两人游戏，玩家轮流在 3x3 网格上标记空格。目标是成为第一个在水平、垂直或对角线上连续获得三个分数的人。当一名玩家达到这一目标时，或者当网格上的所有空格都填满而没有获胜者时，游戏结束，导致平局。

*使用的概念：*

• 函数定义与调用
• 数据结构（二维列表）
• 循环（for、while）
• 条件语句（if、else）
• 输入处理和验证
• 游戏状态管理
• 字符串格式
• 异常处理

def print_board(board):
    """Prints the game board in a structured format with borders."""
    print("\n+---+---+---+")  # Print the top border of the board
    for row in board:
        # print each row with cell values separated by borders
        print("| " + " | ".join(row) + " |")
        # print the border after each row
        print("+---+---+---+")

def check_winner(board):
    """Checks for a winner or a draw."""
    # define all possible winning lines: rows, columns, and diagonals
    lines = [
        [board[0][0], board[0][1], board[0][2]],  # Row 1
        [board[1][0], board[1][1], board[1][2]],  # Row 2
        [board[2][0], board[2][1], board[2][2]],  # Row 3
        [board[0][0], board[1][0], board[2][0]],  # Column 1
        [board[0][1], board[1][1], board[2][1]],  # Column 2
        [board[0][2], board[1][2], board[2][2]],  # Column 3
        [board[0][0], board[1][1], board[2][2]],  # Diagonal from top-left to bottom-right
        [board[0][2], board[1][1], board[2][0]]   # Diagonal from top-right to bottom-left
    ]

    # Check each line to see if all three cells are the same and not empty
    for line in lines:
        if line[0] == line[1] == line[2] and line[0] != ' ':
            return line[0]  # Return the player ('X' or 'O') who has won

    # Check if all cells are filled and there is no winner
    if all(cell != ' ' for row in board for cell in row):
        return 'Draw'  # Return 'Draw' if the board is full and no winner

    return None  # Return None if no winner and the game is not a draw

def main():
    """Main function to play the Tic Tac Toe game."""
    # Initialize the board with empty spaces
    board = [[' ' for _ in range(3)] for _ in range(3)]
    current_player = 'X'  # Start with player 'X'

    while True:
        print_board(board)  # Print the current state of the board

        try:
            # Prompt the current player for their move
            move = input(f"Player {current_player}, enter your move (1-9): ")
            move = int(move)  # Convert the input to an integer

            # Check if the move is valid (between 1 and 9)
            if move < 1 or move > 9:
                print("Invalid move, try again.")
                continue  # Ask for a new move

        except ValueError:
            # Handle cases where the input is not an integer
            print("Invalid move, try again.")
            continue  # Ask for a new move

        # Convert the move number to board coordinates (row, col)
        row, col = divmod(move - 1, 3)

        # Check if the cell is already occupied
        if board[row][col] != ' ':
            print("Cell already occupied. Choose a different cell.")
            continue  # Ask for a new move

        # Place the current player's mark on the board
        board[row][col] = current_player

        # Check if there is a winner or if the game is a draw
        winner = check_winner(board)

        if winner:
            print_board(board)  # Print the final board state
            if winner == 'Draw':
                print("The game is a draw!")
            else:
                print(f"Player {winner} wins!")  # Announce the winner
            break  # End the game

        # Switch players
        current_player = 'O' if current_player == 'X' else 'X'

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()  # Start the game

7. 密码管理器

它是什么？一个简单的密码管理器，允许用户存储和检索加密的密码。

Concepts used:

• File I/O operations
• Encryption using the cryptography library
• Functions
• Exception handling
• User input handling
• Loops

How it works: The program uses the Fernet symmetric encryption from the cryptography library to securely store passwords. Users can add new passwords or view existing ones. Passwords are stored in an encrypted format in a text file, and decrypted when viewed.

from cryptography.fernet import Fernet

# The write_key function generates an encryption key and saves it to a file.
# It's currently commented out, but you need to run it once to create the 'key.key' file.
'''
def write_key():
    key = Fernet.generate_key()
    with open("key.key", "wb") as key_file:
        key_file.write(key)
'''

def load_key():
    """This function loads the encryption key from the 'key.key' file."""
    file = open("key.key", "rb")
    key = file.read()
    file.close()
    return key

# Load the key and create a Fernet object
key = load_key()
fer = Fernet(key)

def view():
    """Function to view stored passwords in the 'passwords.txt' file"""
    with open('passwords.txt', 'r') as f:
        for line in f.readlines():
            data = line.rstrip()
            user, passw = data.split("|")
            decrypted_password = fer.decrypt(passw.encode()).decode()
            print("User:", user, "| Password:", decrypted_password)

def add():
    """Function to add new account names and passwords to the 'passwords.txt' file"""
    name = input('Account Name: ')
    pwd = input("Password: ")
    with open('passwords.txt', 'a') as f:
        encrypted_password = fer.encrypt(pwd.encode()).decode()
        f.write(name + "|" + encrypted_password + "\n")

# Main loop to ask the user what they want to do: view passwords, add new passwords, or quit
while True:
    mode = input(
        "Would you like to add a new password or view existing ones (view, add), press q to quit? ").lower()

    if mode == "q":
        break
    if mode == "view":
        view()
    elif mode == "add":
        add()
    else:
        print("Invalid mode.")
        continue

Thanks for stopping and reading the blog.
Github Repo : https://github.com/iamdipsan/Python-Projects

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