如何在 C 中将位图图像转换为 ASCII 艺术？

C 语言中的图像到 ASCII 艺术转换

将位图图像转换为 ASCII 艺术涉及使用等宽字体并保持过程简单。有两种主要方法：

基于像素/区域强度：

此方法将每个像素或像素区域视为单个点。它计算点的平均灰度强度，并将其替换为强度最接近的字符。

字符拟合（混合）：

此方法尝试替换区域（字符形状）具有相似强度和形状的字符。它会带来更好的结果，但由于计算而速度较慢。

详细实现：

基于像素/区域强度：

将图像划分为灰度像素或矩形区域（点）。计算每个点的强度。将其替换为强度最接近的字符映射（预先计算的强度）中的字符。

示例字符映射：" .,:;ox%#@&"

强度计算：

<code class="C++">i  = p[x+x+x+0];
i += p[x+x+x+1];
i += p[x+x+x+2];
i = (i*l)/768;
s += m[l-i];</code>

其中：

• i 是像素强度的总和
• l 是字符映射的长度
• m 是字符map
• s 为输出字符串

字符拟合：

将图像划分为与字符长宽比相同的矩形区域。将字符区域划分为多个区域并计算每个区域的强度。在地图中查找强度和形状最接近的字符。

使用较大字体时，这种方法会带来最佳、视觉上最令人愉悦的结果。

代码示例：

<code class="C++">class intensity
{
public:
    char c;                    // Character
    int il, ir, iu ,id, ic;    // Intensity of part: left,right,up,down,center
    intensity() { c=0; reset(); }
    void reset() { il=0; ir=0; iu=0; id=0; ic=0; }

    void compute(DWORD **p,int xs,int ys,int xx,int yy) // p source image, (xs,ys) area size, (xx,yy) area position
    {
        int x0 = xs>>2, y0 = ys>>2;
        int x1 = xs-x0, y1 = ys-y0;
        int x, y, i;
        reset();
        for (y=0; y<ys; y++)
            for (x=0; x<xs; x++)
            {
                i = (p[yy+y][xx+x] & 255);
                if (x<=x0) il+=i;
                if (x>=x1) ir+=i;
                if (y<=x0) iu+=i;
                if (y>=x1) id+=i;

                if ((x>=x0) && (x<=x1) &&
                    (y>=y0) && (y<=y1))

                    ic+=i;
        }

        // Normalize
        i = xs*ys;
        il = (il << 8)/i;
        ir = (ir << 8)/i;
        iu = (iu << 8)/i;
        id = (id << 8)/i;
        ic = (ic << 8)/i;
        }
    };


AnsiString bmp2txt_big(Graphics::TBitmap *bmp,TFont *font) // Character  sized areas
{
    int i, i0, d, d0;
    int xs, ys, xf, yf, x, xx, y, yy;
    DWORD **p = NULL,**q = NULL;    // Bitmap direct pixel access
    Graphics::TBitmap *tmp;        // Temporary bitmap for single character
    AnsiString txt = "";            // Output ASCII art text
    AnsiString eol = "\r\n";        // End of line sequence
    intensity map[97];            // Character map
    intensity gfx;

    // Input image size
    xs = bmp->Width;
    ys = bmp->Height;

    // Output font size
    xf = font->Size;   if (xf<0) xf =- xf;
    yf = font->Height; if (yf<0) yf =- yf;

    for (;;) // Loop to simplify the dynamic allocation error handling
    {
        // Allocate and initialise buffers
        tmp = new Graphics::TBitmap;
        if (tmp==NULL)
            break;

        // Allow 32 bit pixel access as DWORD/int pointer
        tmp->HandleType = bmDIB;    bmp->HandleType = bmDIB;
        tmp->PixelFormat = pf32bit; bmp->PixelFormat = pf32bit;

        // Copy target font properties to tmp
        tmp->Canvas->Font->Assign(font);
        tmp->SetSize(xf, yf);
        tmp->Canvas->Font ->Color = clBlack;
        tmp->Canvas->Pen  ->Color = clWhite;
        tmp->Canvas->Brush->Color = clWhite;
        xf = tmp->Width;
        yf = tmp->Height;

        // Direct pixel access to bitmaps
        p  = new DWORD*[ys];
        if (p  == NULL) break;
        for (y=0; y<ys; y++)
            p[y] = (DWORD*)bmp->ScanLine[y];

        q  = new DWORD*[yf];
        if (q  == NULL) break;
        for (y=0; y<yf; y++)
            q[y] = (DWORD*)tmp->ScanLine[y];

        // Create character map
        for (x=0, d=32; d<128; d++, x++)
        {
            map[x].c = char(DWORD(d));
            // Clear tmp
            tmp->Canvas->FillRect(TRect(0, 0, xf, yf));
            // Render tested character to tmp
            tmp->Canvas->TextOutA(0, 0, map[x].c);

            // Compute intensity
            map[x].compute(q, xf, yf, 0, 0);
        }

        map[x].c = 0;

        // Loop through the image by zoomed character size step
        xf -= xf/3; // Characters are usually overlapping by 1/3
        xs -= xs % xf;
        ys -= ys % yf;
        for (y=0; y<ys; y+=yf, txt += eol)
            for (x=0; x<xs; x+=xf)
            {
                // Compute intensity
                gfx.compute(p, xf, yf, x, y);

                // Find the closest match in map[]
                i0 = 0; d0 = -1;
                for (i=0; map[i].c; i++)
                {
                    d = abs(map[i].il-gfx.il) +
                        abs(map[i].ir-gfx.ir) +
                        abs(map[i].iu-gfx.iu) +
                        abs(map[i].id-gfx.id) +
                        abs(map[i].ic-gfx.ic);

                    if ((d0<0)||(d0>d)) {
                        d0=d; i0=i;
                    }
                }
                // Add fitted character to output
                txt += map[i0].c;
            }
        break;
    }

    // Free buffers
    if (tmp) delete tmp;
    if (p  ) delete[] p;
    return txt;
}</code>

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