在 Go 中使用 CloudEvents

采用事件驱动架构（EDA）来提高可扩展性并减少组件/服务之间的耦合在复杂环境中相对常见。

虽然这种方法解决了许多问题，但团队面临的挑战之一是标准化事件以确保所有组件之间的兼容性。为了缓解这一挑战，我们可以使用 CloudEvents 项目。

该项目旨在成为标准化和描述事件的规范，带来一致性、可访问性和可移植性。另一个优点是，该项目除了作为规范之外，还提供了一系列 SDK 来加速团队采用。

在这篇文章中，我想在一个虚构的项目中演示 Go SDK（Python SDK 的特殊外观）的使用。

让我们考虑一个由两个微服务组成的环境：一个用于管理用户 (CRUD) 的用户，以及一个审核服务，用于在环境中存储重要事件以供将来分析。

用户服务的服务代码如下：

package main

import (
    "context"
    "encoding/json"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "time"

    cloudevents "github.com/cloudevents/sdk-go/v2"
    "github.com/cloudevents/sdk-go/v2/protocol"
    "github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
    "github.com/go-chi/httplog"
    "github.com/google/uuid"
)

const auditService = "http://localhost:8080/"

func main() {
    logger := httplog.NewLogger("user", httplog.Options{
        JSON: true,
    })
    ctx := context.Background()
    ceClient, err := cloudevents.NewClientHTTP()
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to create client, %v", err)
    }

    r := chi.NewRouter()
    r.Use(httplog.RequestLogger(logger))
    r.Post("/v1/user", storeUser(ctx, ceClient))

    http.Handle("/", r)
    srv := &http.Server{
        ReadTimeout:  30 * time.Second,
        WriteTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
        Addr:         ":3000",
        Handler:      http.DefaultServeMux,
    }
    err = srv.ListenAndServe()
    if err != nil {
        logger.Panic().Msg(err.Error())
    }
}

type userRequest struct {
    ID       uuid.UUID
    Name     string `json:"name"`
    Password string `json:"password"`
}

func storeUser(ctx context.Context, ceClient cloudevents.Client) http.HandlerFunc {
    return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        oplog := httplog.LogEntry(r.Context())

        var ur userRequest
        err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&ur)
        if err != nil {
            w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
            oplog.Error().Msg(err.Error())
            return
        }
        ur.ID = uuid.New()
        //TODO: store user in a database

        // Create an Event.
        event := cloudevents.NewEvent()
        event.SetSource("github.com/eminetto/post-cloudevents")
        event.SetType("user.storeUser")
        event.SetData(cloudevents.ApplicationJSON, map[string]string{"id": ur.ID.String()})

        // Set a target.
        ctx := cloudevents.ContextWithTarget(context.Background(), auditService)

        // Send that Event.
        var result protocol.Result
        if result = ceClient.Send(ctx, event); cloudevents.IsUndelivered(result) {
            oplog.Error().Msgf("failed to send, %v", result)
            w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
            return
        }

        return
    }
}

在代码中，您可以看到事件的创建以及将其发送到审核服务，如下所示：

package main

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "log"

    cloudevents "github.com/cloudevents/sdk-go/v2"
)

func receive(event cloudevents.Event) {
    // do something with event.
    fmt.Printf("%s", event)
}

func main() {
    // The default client is HTTP.
    c, err := cloudevents.NewClientHTTP()
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to create client, %v", err)
    }
    if err = c.StartReceiver(context.Background(), receive); err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to start receiver: %v", err)
    }
}

通过运行这两个服务，您可以通过向用户发送请求来了解它们的工作原理：

curl -X "POST" "http://localhost:3000/v1/user" \
     -H 'Accept: application/json' \
     -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
     -d $'{
  "name": "Ozzy Osbourne",
  "password": "12345"
}'

用户输出是：

{"level":"info","service":"user","httpRequest":{"proto":"HTTP/1.1","remoteIP":"[::1]:50894","requestID":"Macbook-Air-de-Elton.local/3YUAnzEbis-000001","requestMethod":"POST","requestPath":"/v1/user","requestURL":"http://localhost:3000/v1/user"},"httpRequest":{"header":{"accept":"application/json","content-length":"52","content-type":"application/json","user-agent":"curl/8.7.1"},"proto":"HTTP/1.1","remoteIP":"[::1]:50894","requestID":"Macbook-Air-de-Elton.local/3YUAnzEbis-000001","requestMethod":"POST","requestPath":"/v1/user","requestURL":"http://localhost:3000/v1/user","scheme":"http"},"timestamp":"2024-11-28T15:52:27.947355-03:00","message":"Request: POST /v1/user"}
{"level":"warn","service":"user","httpRequest":{"proto":"HTTP/1.1","remoteIP":"[::1]:50894","requestID":"Macbook-Air-de-Elton.local/3YUAnzEbis-000001","requestMethod":"POST","requestPath":"/v1/user","requestURL":"http://localhost:3000/v1/user"},"httpResponse":{"bytes":0,"elapsed":2.33225,"status":0},"timestamp":"2024-11-28T15:52:27.949877-03:00","message":"Response: 0 Unknown"}

审核服务的输出表明事件已收到。

❯ go run main.go
Context Attributes,
  specversion: 1.0
  type: user.storeUser
  source: github.com/eminetto/post-cloudevents
  id: 5190bc29-a3d5-4fca-9a88-85fccffc16b6
  time: 2024-11-28T18:53:17.474154Z
  datacontenttype: application/json
Data,
  {
    "id": "8aadf8c5-9c4e-4c11-af24-beac2fb9a4b7"
  }

为了验证可移植性目标，我使用 Python SDK 实现了一个版本的审计服务：

from flask import Flask, request

from cloudevents.http import from_http

app = Flask(__name__)


# create an endpoint at http://localhost:/3000/
@app.route("/", methods=["POST"])
def home():
    # create a CloudEvent
    event = from_http(request.headers, request.get_data())

    # you can access cloudevent fields as seen below
    print(
        f"Found {event['id']} from {event['source']} with type "
        f"{event['type']} and specversion {event['specversion']}"
    )

    return "", 204


if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.run(port=8080)

应用程序输出显示事件的接收，无需更改服务用户：

(.venv) eminetto@Macbook-Air-de-Elton audit-python % python3 main.py
 * Serving Flask app 'main'
 * Debug mode: off
WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment. Use a production WSGI server instead.
 * Running on http://127.0.0.1:8080
Press CTRL+C to quit
Found ce1abe22-dce5-40f0-8c82-12093b707ed7 from github.com/eminetto/post-cloudevents with type user.storeUser and specversion 1.0
127.0.0.1 - - [28/Nov/2024 15:59:31] "POST / HTTP/1.1" 204 -

前面的示例介绍了 CloudEvents SDK，但它违反了基于事件的架构的一个原则：松散耦合。应用程序用户了解审核应用程序并与之绑定，这不是一个好的做法。我们可以通过使用其他 CloudEvents 功能（例如 pub/sub）或添加 Kafka 等功能来改善这种情况。以下示例使用 Kafka 来解耦两个应用程序。

第一步是创建一个 docker-compose.yaml 来使用 Kafka：

services:
  kafka:
    image: bitnami/kafka:latest
    restart: on-failure
    ports:
      - 9092:9092
    environment:
      - KAFKA_CFG_BROKER_ID=1
      - KAFKA_CFG_LISTENERS=PLAINTEXT://:9092
      - KAFKA_CFG_ADVERTISED_LISTENERS=PLAINTEXT://127.0.0.1:9092
      - KAFKA_CFG_ZOOKEEPER_CONNECT=zookeeper:2181
      - KAFKA_CFG_NUM_PARTITIONS=3
      - ALLOW_PLAINTEXT_LISTENER=yes
    depends_on:
      - zookeeper

  zookeeper:
    image: bitnami/zookeeper:latest
    ports:
      - 2181:2181
    environment:
      - ALLOW_ANONYMOUS_LOGIN=yes

服务用户进行了以下更改：

package main

import (
    "context"
    "encoding/json"
    "log"
    "net/http"
    "time"

    "github.com/IBM/sarama"
    "github.com/cloudevents/sdk-go/protocol/kafka_sarama/v2"
    cloudevents "github.com/cloudevents/sdk-go/v2"
    "github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
    "github.com/go-chi/httplog"
    "github.com/google/uuid"
)

const (
    auditService = "127.0.0.1:9092"
    auditTopic   = "audit"
)

func main() {
    logger := httplog.NewLogger("user", httplog.Options{
        JSON: true,
    })
    ctx := context.Background()

    saramaConfig := sarama.NewConfig()
    saramaConfig.Version = sarama.V2_0_0_0

    sender, err := kafka_sarama.NewSender([]string{auditService}, saramaConfig, auditTopic)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to create protocol: %s", err.Error())
    }

    defer sender.Close(context.Background())

    ceClient, err := cloudevents.NewClient(sender, cloudevents.WithTimeNow(), cloudevents.WithUUIDs())
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to create client, %v", err)
    }

    r := chi.NewRouter()
    r.Use(httplog.RequestLogger(logger))
    r.Post("/v1/user", storeUser(ctx, ceClient))

    http.Handle("/", r)
    srv := &http.Server{
        ReadTimeout:  30 * time.Second,
        WriteTimeout: 30 * time.Second,
        Addr:         ":3000",
        Handler:      http.DefaultServeMux,
    }
    err = srv.ListenAndServe()
    if err != nil {
        logger.Panic().Msg(err.Error())
    }
}

type userRequest struct {
    ID       uuid.UUID
    Name     string `json:"name"`
    Password string `json:"password"`
}

func storeUser(ctx context.Context, ceClient cloudevents.Client) http.HandlerFunc {
    return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        oplog := httplog.LogEntry(r.Context())

        var ur userRequest
        err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&ur)
        if err != nil {
            w.WriteHeader(http.StatusBadRequest)
            oplog.Error().Msg(err.Error())
            return
        }
        ur.ID = uuid.New()
        //TODO: store user in a database

        // Create an Event.
        event := cloudevents.NewEvent()
        event.SetID(uuid.New().String())
        event.SetSource("github.com/eminetto/post-cloudevents")
        event.SetType("user.storeUser")
        event.SetData(cloudevents.ApplicationJSON, map[string]string{"id": ur.ID.String()})

        // Send that Event.
        if result := ceClient.Send(
            // Set the producer message key
            kafka_sarama.WithMessageKey(context.Background(), sarama.StringEncoder(event.ID())),
            event,
        ); cloudevents.IsUndelivered(result) {
            oplog.Error().Msgf("failed to send, %v", result)
            w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
            return
        }

        return
    }
}

需要进行一些更改，主要是为了与 Kafka 建立连接，但事件本身没有改变。

我对审核服务进行了类似的更改：

package main

import (
    "context"
    "fmt"
    "log"

    "github.com/IBM/sarama"

    "github.com/cloudevents/sdk-go/protocol/kafka_sarama/v2"
    cloudevents "github.com/cloudevents/sdk-go/v2"
)

const (
    auditService = "127.0.0.1:9092"
    auditTopic   = "audit"
    auditGroupID = "audit-group-id"
)

func receive(event cloudevents.Event) {
    // do something with event.
    fmt.Printf("%s", event)
}

func main() {
    saramaConfig := sarama.NewConfig()
    saramaConfig.Version = sarama.V2_0_0_0

    receiver, err := kafka_sarama.NewConsumer([]string{auditService}, saramaConfig, auditGroupID, auditTopic)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to create protocol: %s", err.Error())
    }

    defer receiver.Close(context.Background())

    c, err := cloudevents.NewClient(receiver)
    if err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to create client, %v", err)
    }

    if err = c.StartReceiver(context.Background(), receive); err != nil {
        log.Fatalf("failed to start receiver: %v", err)
    }
}

应用程序的输出保持不变。

引入 Kafka 后，我们解耦了应用程序，不再违反 EDA 原则，同时保留了 CloudEvents 提供的优势。

这篇文章的目标是介绍该标准并演示使用 SDK 实现的简易性。我可以更深入地讨论这个主题，但我希望我已经实现了目标并激发了对该技术的研究和使用。

如果您已经使用/已经使用过 CloudEvents 并想在评论中分享您的经验，这将非常有用。

您可以在 GitHub 上的存储库中找到我在这篇文章中提供的代码。

最初于 2024 年 11 月 29 日发布于 https://eltonminetto.dev。

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