目录
一. 前言" >一. 前言
二. 安装及介绍Beautiful Soup库" >二. 安装及介绍Beautiful Soup库
三. Beautiful Soup常用方法介绍" >三. Beautiful Soup常用方法介绍
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Python之BeautifulSoup库安装及其简介

Mar 11, 2017 am 09:49 AM
beautifulsoup python 知识

一. 前言

        在前面的几篇文章中我介绍了如何通过Python分析源代码来爬取博客、维基百科InfoBox和图片,其文章链接如下:
        [python学习] 简单爬取维基百科程序语言消息盒
        [Python学习] 简单网络爬虫抓取博客文章及思想介绍
        [python学习] 简单爬取图片网站图库中图片
        其中核心代码如下:

# coding=utf-8
import urllib
import re

#下载静态HTML网页
url='http://www.csdn.net/'
content = urllib.urlopen(url).read()
open('csdn.html','w+').write(content)
#获取标题
title_pat=r&#39;(?<=<title>).*?(?=</title>)&#39;
title_ex=re.compile(title_pat,re.M|re.S)
title_obj=re.search(title_ex, content)
title=title_obj.group()
print title
#获取超链接内容 
href = r&#39;<a href=.*?>(.*?)</a>&#39;
m = re.findall(href,content,re.S|re.M)
for text in m:
    print unicode(text,&#39;utf-8&#39;)
    break #只输出一个url
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输出结果如下:

>>>
CSDN.NET - 全球最大中文IT社区,为IT专业技术人员提供最全面的信息传播和服务平台
登录
>>>
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图片下载的核心代码如下:

import os
import urllib
class AppURLopener(urllib.FancyURLopener):
    version = "Mozilla/5.0"
urllib._urlopener = AppURLopener()
url = "http://creatim.allyes.com.cn/imedia/csdn/20150228/15_41_49_5B9C9E6A.jpg"
filename = os.path.basename(url)
urllib.urlretrieve(url , filename)
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但是上面这种分析HTML来爬取网站内容的方法存在很多弊端,譬如:
1.正则表达式被HTML源码所约束,而不是取决于更抽象的结构;网页结构中很小的改动可能会导致程序的中断。
2.程序需要根据实际HTML源码分析内容,可能会遇到字符实体如&之类的HTML特性,需要指定处理如、图标超链接、下标等不同内容。
3.正则表达式并不是完全可读的,更复杂的HTML代码和查询表达式会变得很乱。
正如《Python基础教程(第2版)》采用两种解决方案:第一个是使用Tidy(Python库)的程序和XHTML解析;第二个是使用BeautifulSoup库。


二. 安装及介绍Beautiful Soup库


Beautiful Soup是用Python写的一个HTML/XML的解析器,它可以很好的处理不规范标记并生成剖析树(parse tree)。 它提供简单又常用的导航navigating,搜索以及修改剖析树的操作。它可以大大节省你的编程时间。
正如书中所说“那些糟糕的网页不是你写的,你只是试图从中获得一些数据。现在你不用关心HTML是什么样子的,解析器帮你实现”。
下载地址:
http://www.php.cn/
http://www.php.cn/
安装过程如下图所示:python setup.py install


具体使用方法建议参照中文:
http://www.php.cn/
其中BeautifulSoup的用法简单讲解下,使用“爱丽丝梦游仙境”的官方例子:

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse&#39;s story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse&#39;s story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""

#获取BeautifulSoup对象并按标准缩进格式输出
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc)
print(soup.prettify())
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输出内容按照标准的缩进格式的结构输出如下:

<html>
 <head>
  <title>
   The Dormouse&#39;s story
  </title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <p class="title">
   <b>
    The Dormouse&#39;s story
   </b>
  </p>
  <p class="story">
   Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
   <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
    Elsie
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">
    Lacie
   </a>
   and
   <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">
    Tillie
   </a>
   ;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
  </p>
  <p class="story">
   ...
  </p>
 </body>
</html>
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下面是BeautifulSoup库简单快速入门介绍:(参考:官方文档)

&#39;&#39;&#39;获取title值&#39;&#39;&#39;
print soup.title
# <title>The Dormouse&#39;s story</title>
print soup.title.name
# title
print unicode(soup.title.string)
# The Dormouse&#39;s story

&#39;&#39;&#39;获取<p>值&#39;&#39;&#39;
print soup.p
# <p class="title"><b>The Dormouse&#39;s story</b></p>
print soup.a
# <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>

&#39;&#39;&#39;从文档中找到<a>的所有标签链接&#39;&#39;&#39;
print soup.find_all(&#39;a&#39;)
# [<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
#  <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>,
#  <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
for link in soup.find_all(&#39;a&#39;):
    print(link.get(&#39;href&#39;))
    # http://www.php.cn/
    # http://www.php.cn/
    # http://www.php.cn/
print soup.find(id=&#39;link3&#39;)
# <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
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如果想获取文章中所有文字内容,代码如下:

&#39;&#39;&#39;从文档中获取所有文字内容&#39;&#39;&#39;
print soup.get_text()
# The Dormouse&#39;s story
#
# The Dormouse&#39;s story
#
# Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
# Elsie,
# Lacie and
# Tillie;
# and they lived at the bottom of a well.
#
# ...
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同时在这过程中你可能会遇到两个典型的错误提示:
1.ImportError: No module named BeautifulSoup
当你成功安装BeautifulSoup 4库后,“from BeautifulSoup import BeautifulSoup”可能会遇到该错误。


其中的原因是BeautifulSoup 4库改名为bs4,需要使用“from bs4 import BeautifulSoup”导入。
2.TypeError: an integer is required
当你使用“print soup.title.string”获取title的值时,可能会遇到该错误。如下:


它应该是IDLE的BUG,当使用命令行Command没有任何错误。参考:stackoverflow。同时可以通过下面的代码解决该问题:
print unicode(soup.title.string)
print str(soup.title.string)


三. Beautiful Soup常用方法介绍


Beautiful Soup将复杂HTML文档转换成一个复杂的树形结构,每个节点都是Python对象,所有对象可以归纳为4种:Tag、NavigableString、BeautifulSoup、Comment|
1.Tag标签
tag对象与XML或HTML文档中的tag相同,它有很多方法和属性。其中最重要的属性name和attribute。用法如下:

#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse&#39;s story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" id="start"><b>The Dormouse&#39;s story</b></p>
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
tag = soup.p
print tag
# <p class="title" id="start"><b>The Dormouse&#39;s story</b></p>
print type(tag)
# <class &#39;bs4.element.Tag&#39;>
print tag.name
# p 标签名字
print tag[&#39;class&#39;]
# [u&#39;title&#39;]
print tag.attrs
# {u&#39;class&#39;: [u&#39;title&#39;], u&#39;id&#39;: u&#39;start&#39;}
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使用BeautifulSoup每个tag都有自己的名字,可以通过.name来获取;同样一个tag可能有很多个属性,属性的操作方法与字典相同,可以直接通过“.attrs”获取属性。至于修改、删除操作请参考文档。
2.NavigableString
字符串常被包含在tag内,Beautiful Soup用NavigableString类来包装tag中的字符串。一个NavigableString字符串与Python中的Unicode字符串相同,并且还支持包含在遍历文档树搜索文档树中的一些特性,通过unicode()方法可以直接将NavigableString对象转换成Unicode字符串。

print unicode(tag.string)
# The Dormouse&#39;s story
print type(tag.string)
# <class &#39;bs4.element.NavigableString&#39;>
tag.string.replace_with("No longer bold")
print tag
# <p class="title" id="start"><b>No longer bold</b></p>
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这是获取“

The Dormouse's story

”中tag = soup.p的值,其中tag中包含的字符串不能编辑,但可通过函数replace_with()替换。
NavigableString 对象支持遍历文档树和搜索文档树 中定义的大部分属性, 并非全部。尤其是一个字符串不能包含其它内容(tag能够包含字符串或是其它tag),字符串不支持 .contents 或 .string 属性或 find() 方法。
如果想在Beautiful Soup之外使用 NavigableString 对象,需要调用 unicode() 方法,将该对象转换成普通的Unicode字符串,否则就算Beautiful Soup已方法已经执行结束,该对象的输出也会带有对象的引用地址。这样会浪费内存。

3.Beautiful Soup对象
该对象表示的是一个文档的全部内容,大部分时候可以把它当做Tag对象,它支持遍历文档树和搜索文档树中的大部分方法。
注意:因为BeautifulSoup对象并不是真正的HTML或XML的tag,所以它没有name和 attribute属性,但有时查看它的.name属性可以通过BeautifulSoup对象包含的一个值为[document]的特殊实行.name实现——soup.name。
Beautiful Soup中定义的其它类型都可能会出现在XML的文档中:CData , ProcessingInstruction , Declaration , Doctype 。与 Comment 对象类似,这些类都是 NavigableString 的子类,只是添加了一些额外的方法的字符串独享。
4.Command注释
Tag、NavigableString、BeautifulSoup几乎覆盖了html和xml中的所有内容,但是还有些特殊对象容易让人担心——注释。Comment对象是一个特殊类型的NavigableString对象。

markup = "<b><!--Hey, buddy. Want to buy a used parser?--></b>"
soup = BeautifulSoup(markup)
comment = soup.b.string
print type(comment)
# <class &#39;bs4.element.Comment&#39;>
print unicode(comment)
# Hey, buddy. Want to buy a used parser?
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介绍完这四个对象后,下面简单介绍遍历文档树和搜索文档树及常用的函数。
5.遍历文档树
一个Tag可能包含多个字符串或其它的Tag,这些都是这个Tag的子节点。BeautifulSoup提供了许多操作和遍历子节点的属性。引用官方文档中爱丽丝例子:
操作文档最简单的方法是告诉你想获取tag的name,如下:

soup.head# <head><title>The Dormouse&#39;s story</title></head>soup.title# <title>The Dormouse&#39;s story</title>soup.body.b# <b>The Dormouse&#39;s story</b>
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注意:通过点取属性的放是只能获得当前名字的第一个Tag,同时可以在文档树的tag中多次调用该方法如soup.body.b获取标签中第一个标签。
如果想得到所有的标签,使用方法find_all(),在前面的Python爬取维基百科等HTML中我们经常用到它+正则表达式的方法。

子节点:在分析HTML过程中通常需要分析tag的子节点,而tag的 .contents 属性可以将tag的子节点以列表的方式输出。字符串没有.contents属性,因为字符串没有子节点。

通过tag的 .children 生成器,可以对tag的子节点进行循环:

子孙节点:同样 .descendants 属性可以对所有tag的子孙节点进行递归循环:

父节点:通过 .parent 属性来获取某个元素的父节点.在例子“爱丽丝”的文档中,标签是标签的父节点,换句话就是增加一层标签。<br/> <span style="color:#ff0000">注意:文档的顶层节点比如<html>的父节点是 BeautifulSoup 对象,BeautifulSoup 对象的 .parent 是None。</span><br/></span></strong></p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre style="overflow-x:auto; overflow-y:hidden; padding:5px; line-height:15.6000003814697px; border-top-width:1px; border-bottom-width:1px; border-style:solid none; border-top-color:rgb(170,204,153); border-bottom-color:rgb(170,204,153); background-color:rgb(238,255,204)">title_tag = soup.titletitle_tag# <title>The Dormouse&#39;s story</title>title_tag.parent# <head><title>The Dormouse&#39;s story</title></head>title_tag.string.parent# <title>The Dormouse&#39;s story</title></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p><strong><span style="font-size:18px"> <span style="color:#ff0000">兄弟节点</span>:因为<b>标签和<c>标签是同一层:他们是同一个元素的子节点,所以<b>和<c>可以被称为兄弟节点。一段文档以标准格式输出时,兄弟节点有相同的缩进级别.在代码中也可以使用这种关系。</span></strong><br/></p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre style="overflow-x:auto; overflow-y:hidden; padding:5px; color:rgb(51,51,51); line-height:15.6000003814697px; border-top-width:1px; border-bottom-width:1px; border-style:solid none; border-top-color:rgb(170,204,153); border-bottom-color:rgb(170,204,153); background-color:rgb(238,255,204)">sibling_soup = BeautifulSoup("<a><b>text1</b><c>text2</c></b></a>")print(sibling_soup.prettify())# <html># <body># <a># <b># text1# </b># <c># text2# </c># </a># </body># </html></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p><strong><span style="font-size:18px"> <span style="color:#ff0000">在文档树中,使用 .next_sibling 和 .previous_sibling 属性来查询兄弟节点。<b>标签有.next_sibling 属性,但是没有.previous_sibling 属性,因为<b>标签在同级节点中是第一个。同理<c>标签有.previous_sibling 属性,却没有.next_sibling 属性:</span></span></strong><br/></p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre style="overflow-x:auto; overflow-y:hidden; padding:5px; color:rgb(51,51,51); line-height:15.6000003814697px; border-top-width:1px; border-bottom-width:1px; border-style:solid none; border-top-color:rgb(170,204,153); border-bottom-color:rgb(170,204,153); background-color:rgb(238,255,204)">sibling_soup.b.next_sibling# <c>text2</c>sibling_soup.c.previous_sibling# <b>text1</b></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p><strong><span style="font-size:18px">        介绍到这里基本就可以实现我们的BeautifulSoup库爬取网页内容,而网页修改、删除等内容建议大家阅读文档。下一篇文章就再次爬取维基百科的程序语言的内容吧!希望文章对大家有所帮助,如果有错误或不足之处,还请海涵!建议大家阅读官方文档和《Python基础教程》书。</span><br><span style="font-size:18px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Arial; line-height:26px">       </span><span style="font-size:18px; font-family:Arial; line-height:26px"><span style="color:#ff0000"> (By:Eastmount 2015-3-25 下午6点</span></span><span style="font-size:18px; color:rgb(51,51,51); font-family:Arial; line-height:26px">  </span>http://www.php.cn/<span style="font-family:Arial; color:#ff0000"><span style="font-size:18px; line-height:26px">)</span></span></strong><br></p> <p></p> <p><br></p> <p class="pmark"><br></p> <p> </p><p>以上是Python之BeautifulSoup库安装及其简介的详细内容。更多信息请关注PHP中文网其他相关文章!</p> </div> </div> <div class="wzconShengming_sp"> <div class="bzsmdiv_sp">本站声明</div> <div>本文内容由网友自发贡献,版权归原作者所有,本站不承担相应法律责任。如您发现有涉嫌抄袭侵权的内容,请联系admin@php.cn</div> </div> </div> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-format="autorelaxed" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5902227090019525" data-ad-slot="2507867629"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); 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