本文的内容是关于在html5中如何实现html元素拖拽功能。在html5之前要实现拖拽,需要借助js,现在html5内部就支持了拖拽的功能,但是要实现稍微复杂的功能还是少不了js的帮忙。下面我们看几个例子。
1.创建拖拽对象
我们可以通过draggable属性告诉浏览器,哪些元素需要实现拖拽功能。draggable有三个值:true:元素可以被拖拽;false:元素不能被拖拽;auto:浏览器自己判断元素是否能被拖拽。
系统默认值是auto,但auto情况下浏览器对不同元素拖拽功能的支持是不一样,如:支持img对象,不支持p对象。所以,如果需要拖拽一个元素,最好还是把draggale设置为true。下面我们看一个例子:
<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head> <title>Example</title> <style> #src > * { float: left; } #target, #src > img { border: thin solid black; padding: 2px; margin: 4px; } #target { height: 123px; width: 220px; text-align: center; display: table; } #target > p { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; } #target > img { margin: 1px; } </style></head><body> <p id="src"> <img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" /> <img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" /> <img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" /> <p id="target"> <p id="msg"> drop here</p> </p> </p> <script> var src = document.getElementById("src"); var target = document.getElementById("target"); </script> </body> </html>
运行效果:
2.处理拖拽事件
现在我们来了解拖拽相关的事件,有两种类型的事件,一种是拖拽对象的事件,一种是投放区的事件。拖拽事件包括:dragstart:当元素拖拽开始触发;drag:在元素拖拽过程中触发;dragend:元素拖拽结束时触发。下面我们就看一个例子:
<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head> <title>Example</title> <style> #src > * { float: left; } #target, #src > img { border: thin solid black; padding: 2px; margin: 4px; } #target { height: 123px; width: 220px; text-align: center; display: table; } #target > p { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; } #target > img { margin: 1px; } img.dragged { background-color: Orange; } </style></head><body> <p id="src"> <img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" /> <img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" /> <img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" /> <p id="target"> <p id="msg"> drop here</p> </p> </p> <script> var src = document.getElementById("src"); var target = document.getElementById("target"); var msg = document.getElementById("msg"); src.ondragstart = function (e) { e.target.classList.add("dragged"); } src.ondragend = function (e) { e.target.classList.remove("dragged"); msg.innerHTML = "drop here"; } src.ondrag = function (e) { msg.innerHTML = e.target.id; } </script></body></html>
运行效果:
3.创建投放区
我们来看投放区相关的事件:dragenter:当拖拽对象进入投放区时触发;dragover:拖拽对象在投放区内移动时触发;dragleave:拖拽对象没有投放到投放区,离开投放区的时候触发;drop:拖拽对象投放在投放区时触发。
我们来看一个例子:
<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head> <title>Example</title> <style> #src > * { float: left; } #target, #src > img { border: thin solid black; padding: 2px; margin: 4px; } #target { height: 123px; width: 220px; text-align: center; display: table; } #target > p { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; } #target > img { margin: 1px; } img.dragged { background-color: lightgrey; } </style></head><body> <p id="src"> <img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" /> <img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" /> <img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" /> <p id="target"> <p id="msg"> drop here</p> </p> </p> <script> var src = document.getElementById("src"); var target = document.getElementById("target"); var msg = document.getElementById("msg"); var draggedID; target.ondragenter = handleDrag; target.ondragover = handleDrag; function handleDrag(e) { e.preventDefault(); } target.ondrop = function (e) { var newElem = document.getElementById(draggedID).cloneNode(false); target.innerHTML = ""; target.appendChild(newElem); e.preventDefault(); } src.ondragstart = function (e) { draggedID = e.target.id; e.target.classList.add("dragged"); } src.ondragend = function (e) { var elems = document.querySelectorAll(".dragged"); for (var i = 0; i < elems.length; i++) { elems[i].classList.remove("dragged"); } } </script></body></html>
运行结果:
4.使用DataTransfer
我们使用DataTransfer从拖拽对象向投放区传递数据。DataTransfer有下面的属性和方法:types:返回数据的格式;getData(
我们来看下面的例子,他实现的效果和例3一样:
<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head> <title>Example</title> <style> #src > * { float: left; } #src > img { border: thin solid black; padding: 2px; margin: 4px; } #target { border: thin solid black; margin: 4px; } #target { height: 123px; width: 220px; text-align: center; display: table; } #target > p { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; } img.dragged { background-color: Orange; } </style></head><body> <p id="src"> <img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" /> <img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" /> <img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" /> <p id="target"> <p id="msg"> drop here</p> </p> </p> <script> var src = document.getElementById("src"); var target = document.getElementById("target"); target.ondragenter = handleDrag; target.ondragover = handleDrag; function handleDrag(e) { e.preventDefault(); } target.ondrop = function (e) { var droppedID = e.dataTransfer.getData("Text"); var newElem = document.getElementById(droppedID).cloneNode(false); target.innerHTML = ""; target.appendChild(newElem); e.preventDefault(); } src.ondragstart = function (e) { e.dataTransfer.setData("Text", e.target.id); e.target.classList.add("dragged"); } src.ondragend = function (e) { var elems = document.querySelectorAll(".dragged"); for (var i = 0; i < elems.length; i++) { elems[i].classList.remove("dragged"); } } </script></body></html>
5.拖拽文件
html5支持file api,可以让我们操作本地文件。一般我们不直接使用file api,我们可以结合其他特性一起使用,比如结合拖拽特效,如下例:
<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head> <title>Example</title> <style> body > * { float: left; } #target { border: medium double black; margin: 4px; height: 75px; width: 200px; text-align: center; display: table; } #target > p { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; } table { margin: 4px; border-collapse: collapse; } th, td { padding: 4px; } </style></head><body> <p id="target"> <p id="msg"> Drop Files Here</p> </p> <table id="data" border="1"> </table> <script> var target = document.getElementById("target"); target.ondragenter = handleDrag; target.ondragover = handleDrag; function handleDrag(e) { e.preventDefault(); } target.ondrop = function (e) { var files = e.dataTransfer.files; var tableElem = document.getElementById("data"); tableElem.innerHTML = "<tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Size</th></tr>"; for (var i = 0; i < files.length; i++) { var row = "<tr><td>" + files[i].name + "</td> <td>" + files[i].type + "</td> <td>" + files[i].size + "</td></tr>"; tableElem.innerHTML += row; } e.preventDefault(); } </script></body></html>
DataTransfer返回FileList对象,我们可以把他当做file数组对象,file包含下面属性:name:文件名字;type:文件类型(MIME类型);size:文件大小。
运行效果:
6.上传文件
下面介绍一个通过拖拽ajax上传文件的实例。
<!DOCTYPE HTML><html><head> <title>Example</title> <style> .table { display: table; } .row { display: table-row; } .cell { display: table-cell; padding: 5px; } .label { text-align: right; } #target { border: medium double black; margin: 4px; height: 50px; width: 200px; text-align: center; display: table; } #target > p { display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; } </style></head><body> <form id="fruitform" method="post" action="/UploadHandler.ashx"> <p class="table"> <p class="row"> <p class="cell label"> Bananas:</p> <p class="cell"> <input name="bananas" value="2" /></p> </p> <p class="row"> <p class="cell label"> Apples:</p> <p class="cell"> <input name="apples" value="5" /></p> </p> <p class="row"> <p class="cell label"> Cherries:</p> <p class="cell"> <input name="cherries" value="20" /></p> </p> <p class="row"> <p class="cell label"> File:</p> <p class="cell"> <input type="file" name="file" /></p> </p> <p class="row"> <p class="cell label"> Total:</p> <p id="results" class="cell"> 0 items</p> </p> </p> <p id="target"> <p id="msg"> Drop Files Here</p> </p> <button id="submit" type="submit"> Submit Form</button> </form> <script type="text/javascript"> var target = document.getElementById("target"); var httpRequest; var fileList; target.ondragenter = handleDrag; target.ondragover = handleDrag; function handleDrag(e) { e.preventDefault(); } target.ondrop = function (e) { fileList = e.dataTransfer.files; e.preventDefault(); } document.getElementById("submit").onclick = function handleButtonPress(e) { e.preventDefault(); var form = document.getElementById("fruitform"); var formData = new FormData(form); if (fileList) { for (var i = 0; i < fileList.length; i++) { formData.append("file" + i, fileList[i]); } } httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest(); httpRequest.onreadystatechange = handleResponse; httpRequest.open("POST", form.action); httpRequest.send(formData); } function handleResponse() { if (httpRequest.readyState == 4 && httpRequest.status == 200) { var data = JSON.parse(httpRequest.responseText); document.getElementById("results").innerHTML = "You ordered " + data.total + " items"; } } </script> </body> </html>
效果:
上面的一些例子不同浏览器运行效果可能不同,我用的是chrome浏览器,除了例5和6不支持多文件外,其他例子运行正常。大家可以下载demo。
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