详细介绍HTML中head头部标签的应用-html教程-PHP中文网

HTML head 头部分的标签、元素有很多，涉及到浏览器对网页的渲染，SEO 等等，而各个浏览器内核以及各个国内浏览器厂商都有些自己的标签元素,这就造成了很多差异性。移动互联网时代，head 头部结构，移动端的 meta 元素，显得更为重要。了解每个标签的意义，写出满足自己需求的 head 头标签，是本文的目的。本篇以一丝的文章为基础，进行扩展总结介绍常用的 head 中各个标签、元素的意义以及使用场景。

DOCTYPE

DOCTYPE(Document Type)，该声明位于文档中最前面的位置，处于 html标签之前，此标签告知浏览器文档使用哪种 HTML 或者 XHTML 规范。
DTD(Document Type Definition) 声明以开始，不区分大小写，前面没有任何内容，如果有其他内容(空格除外)会使浏览器在 IE 下开启怪异模式(quirks mode)渲染网页。公共 DTD，名称格式为注册//组织//类型标签//语言,注册指组织是否由国际标准化组织(ISO)注册，+表示是，-表示不是。组织即组织名称，如：W3C。类型一般是 DTD。标签是指定公开文本描述，即对所引用的公开文本的唯一描述性名称，后面可附带版本号。最后语言是 DTD 语言的 ISO 639 语言标识符，如：EN 表示英文，ZH 表示中文。XHTML 1.0 可声明三种 DTD 类型。分别表示严格版本，过渡版本，以及基于框架的 HTML 文档。

HTML 4.01 strict

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">

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HTML 4.01 Transitional

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

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HTML 4.01 Frameset

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//EN" "www.w3.org/TR/html4/frameset.dtd">

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最新 HTML5 推出更加简洁的书写，它向前向后兼容，推荐使用。
```
<!doctype html>
```
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在 HTML中 doctype有两个主要目的。
对文档进行有效性验证。
它告诉用户代理和校验器这个文档是按照什么 DTD 写的。这个动作是被动的，每次页面加载时，浏览器并不会下载 DTD 并检查合法性，只有当手动校验页面时才启用。
决定浏览器的呈现模式
对于实际操作，通知浏览器读取文档时用哪种解析算法。如果没有写，则浏览器则根据自身的规则对代码进行解析，可能会严重影响 html 排版布局。浏览器有三种方式解析 HTML 文档。 非怪异（标准）模式 怪异模式 * 部分怪异（近乎标准）模式关于IE浏览器的文档模式，浏览器模式，严格模式，怪异模式，DOCTYPE 标签，可详细阅读模式？标准！的内容。

charset

声明文档使用的字符编码
```
<meta charset="utf-8">
```
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html5 之前网页中会这样写：
```
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
```
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这两个是等效的，具体可移步阅读： vs ，所以建议使用较短的，易于记忆。

lang 属性

简体中文
```
<html lang="zh-cmn-Hans">
```
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繁体中文
```
<html lang="zh-cmn-Hant">
```
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为什么 lang="zh-cmn-Hans"而不是我们通常写的 lang="zh-CN"呢，请移步阅读: 页头部的声明应该是用 lang=”zh” 还是 lang=”zh-cn”。

优先使用 IE 最新版本和 Chrome

<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" />

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360 使用Google Chrome Frame

<meta name="renderer" content="webkit">

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360 浏览器就会在读取到这个标签后，立即切换对应的极速核。另外为了保险起见再加入
```
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1">
```
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这样写可以达到的效果是如果安装了 Google Chrome Frame，则使用 GCF 来渲染页面，如果没有安装 GCF，则使用最高版本的 IE 内核进行渲染。相关链接：浏览器内核控制 Meta 标签说明文档

百度禁止转码

通过百度手机打开网页时，百度可能会对你的网页进行转码，脱下你的衣服，往你的身上贴狗皮膏药的广告，为此可在 head 内添加

<meta http-equiv="Cache-Control" content="no-siteapp" />

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SEO 优化部分

页面标题标签(head 头部必须)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><title>your title</title></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>页面关键词 <a href="http://www.php.cn/wiki/1051.html" target="_blank">key</a>w<a href="http://www.php.cn/wiki/1360.html" target="_blank">ord</a>s</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="keywords" content="your keywords"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>页面描述内容 description</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="description" content="your description"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>定义网页作者 author</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="author" content="author,email address"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>定义网页搜索引擎索引方式，robotterms 是一组使用英文逗号「,」分割的值，通常有如下几种取值：none，noindex，nofollow，all，index和follow。</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="robots" content="index,follow"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>相关链接：WEB1038 - 标记包含无效的值</p></li></ul><h2 id="viewport">viewport</h2><hr/><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>viewport可以让布局在移动浏览器上显示的更好。通常会写</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>width=device-width会导致 iPhone 5 添加到主屏后以 WebApp 全屏模式打开页面时出现黑边(http://bigc.at/ios-webapp-viewport-meta.orz)<br/>content 参数：<br/>(1) width viewport 宽度(数值/device-width)<br/>(2)<a href="http://www.php.cn/wiki/836.html" target="_blank">height</a> viewport 高度(数值/device-height)<br/>(3)initial-scale 初始缩放比例<br/>(4)maximum-scale 最大缩放比例<br/>(5)minimum-scale 最小缩放比例<br/>(6)user-scalable 是否允许用户缩放(yes/no)<br/>(7)minimal-ui iOS 7.1 beta 2 中新增属性，可以在页面加载时最小化上下状态栏。这是一个布尔值，可以直接这样写：</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimal-ui"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>而如果你的网站不是响应式的，请不要使用 initial-scale 或者禁用缩放。</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><p style="margin-top: 7px;"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,user-scalable=yes"><br/></p></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>相关链接：非响应式设计的viewport<br/>适配 iPhone 6 和 iPhone 6plus 则需要写：</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="viewport" content="width=375"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=414"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>大部分 4.7~5 寸的安卓设备的 viewport 宽设为 360px，iPhone 6 上却是 375px，大部分 5.5 寸安卓机器（比如说三星 Note）的 viewport 宽为 400，iPhone 6 plus 上是 414px。</p></li></ul><h2 id="ios-设备">ios 设备</h2><hr/><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>添加到主屏后的标题（iOS 6 新增）</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="标题"> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>是否启用 WebApp 全屏模式</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>设置状态栏的背景颜色</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black-translucent" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>只有在 “apple-mobile-web-app-capable” content=”yes” 时生效</p></li><li><p>content 参数：<br/>(1) default 默认值。<br/>(2) black 状态栏背景是黑色。<br/>(3) black-translucent 状态栏背景是黑色半透明。如果设置为 default 或 black ,网页内容从状态栏底部开始。如果设置为 black-translucent ,网页内容充满整个屏幕，顶部会被状态栏遮挡。</p></li><li><p>禁止数字识自动别为电话号码</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><h2 id="iOS-图标">iOS 图标</h2></li><li><p>rel 参数： apple-touch-icon <a href="http://www.php.cn/css/css-rwd-images.html" target="_blank">图片</a>自动处理成圆角和高光等效果。 apple-touch-icon-precomposed 禁止系统自动添加效果，直接显示设计原图。 iPhone 和 iTouch，默认 57x57 像素，必须有</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/apple-touch-icon-57x57-precomposed.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>iPad，72x72 像素，可以没有，但推荐有</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="/apple-touch-icon-72x72-precomposed.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>Retina iPhone 和 Retina iTouch，114x114 像素，可以没有，但推荐有</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="/apple-touch-icon-114x114-precomposed.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>Retina iPad，144x144 像素，可以没有，但推荐有</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="/apple-touch-icon-144x144-precomposed.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>IOS 图标大小在iPhone 6 plus上是180×180，iPhone 6 是120x120。适配iPhone 6 plus，则需要在<head>中加上这段</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="180x180" href="retinahd_icon.png"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p><strong><em>iPad 的启动画面是不包括状态栏区域的。</em></strong><br/></p></li></ul><h2 id="iPad">iPad</h2><hr/><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>iPad 竖屏 768 x 1004（标准分辨率）</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="768x1004" href="/splash-screen-768x1004.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>iPad 竖屏 1536x2008（Retina）</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="1536x2008" href="/splash-screen-1536x2008.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>iPad 横屏 1024x748（标准分辨率）</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="1024x748" href="/Default-Portrait-1024x748.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>iPad 横屏 2048x1496（Retina）</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="2048x1496" href="/splash-screen-2048x1496.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p><strong><em>iPhone 和 iPod touch 的启动画面是包含状态栏区域的。</em></strong><br/>iPhone/iPod Touch 竖屏 320x480 (标准分辨率)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="/splash-screen-320x480.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>iPhone/iPod Touch 竖屏 640x960 (Retina)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="640x960" href="/splash-screen-640x960.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>iPhone 5/iPod Touch 5 竖屏 640x1136 (Retina)</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" sizes="640x1136" href="/splash-screen-640x1136.png" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>添加智能 App 广告条 Smart App Banner（iOS 6+ Safari）</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=myAppStoreID, affiliate-data=myAffiliateData, app-argument=myURL"> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>iPhone 6对应的图片大小是750×1294，iPhone 6 Plus 对应的是1242×2148 。</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="launch6.png" media="(device-width: 375px)"><link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="launch6plus.png" media="(device-width: 414px)"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><h2 id="Windows">Windows 8</h2></li></ul><hr/><ul class=" list-paddingleft-2"><li><p>Windows 8 磁贴颜色</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000"/> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div></li><li><p>Windows 8 磁贴图标</p><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="icon.png"/> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><h2 id="rss订阅">rss订阅</h2><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="/rss.xml" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><h2 id="favicon-icon">favicon icon</h2><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="/favicon.ico" /> </pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>比较详细的 favicon 介绍可参考github.com/audreyr/favicon-cheat-sheet</p></li></ul><h2 id="移动端的meta">移动端的meta</h2><hr/><div class="code" style="position:relative; padding:0px; margin:0px;"><pre class='brush:php;toolbar:false;'><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no" /><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black" /> <meta name="format-detection"content="telephone=no, email=no" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no" /><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="black" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telphone=no, email=no" /> <meta name="renderer" content="webkit"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320"><meta name="screen-orientation" content="portrait"> <meta name="x5-orientation" content="portrait"> <meta name="full-screen" content="yes"> <meta name="x5-fullscreen" content="true"> <meta name="browsermode" content="application"> <meta name="x5-page-mode" content="app"> <meta name="msapplication-tap-highlight" content="no"></pre><div class="contentsignin">登录后复制</div></div><p>【相关推荐】</p> <p>1. <a href="http://www.php.cn/course/list/11.html" target="_self">免费html在线视频教程</a></p> <p>2. <a href="http://www.php.cn/course/27.html" target="_self">html开发手册</a></p> <p>3. <a href="http://www.php.cn/course/372.html" target="_self">php.cn原创html5视频教程</a></p> </li></ul><p>以上是详细介绍HTML中head头部标签的应用的详细内容。更多信息请关注PHP中文网其他相关文章！</p> </div> </div> <div class="wzconShengming_sp"> <div class="bzsmdiv_sp">本站声明</div> <div>本文内容由网友自发贡献，版权归原作者所有，本站不承担相应法律责任。如您发现有涉嫌抄袭侵权的内容，请联系admin@php.cn</div> </div> </div> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-format="autorelaxed" data-ad-client="ca-pub-5902227090019525" data-ad-slot="2507867629"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); 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详细介绍HTML中head头部标签的应用

DOCTYPE

charset

lang属性

优先使用 IE 最新版本和 Chrome

360 使用Google Chrome Frame

百度禁止转码

SEO 优化部分

lang 属性