线程，有时被称为轻量级进程(Lightweight Process，LWP），是程序执行流的最小单元。一个标准的线程由线程ID，当前指令指针(PC），寄存器集合和堆栈组成。如果没有明确的协同机制，线程将彼此独立执行。每一个程序都至少有一个线程，若程序只有一个线程，那就是程序本身。
线程是进程中的一个实体，是被系统独立调度和分派的基本单位，线程自己不拥有系统资源，只拥有一点儿在运行中必不可少的资源，但它可与同属一个进程的其它线程共享进程所拥有的全部资源（共享进程的内存地址空间），因此这些线程都能访问相同的变量并在同一个堆上分配对象，这就需要实现一种比在进程间共享数据粒度更细的数据共享机制。如果没有这种同步机制，在多线程的情况下会出现无法预料的后果。
一个线程可以创建和撤消另一个线程，同一进程中的多个线程之间可以并发执行。由于线程之间的相互制约，致使线程在运行中呈现出间断性。线程也有就绪、阻塞和运行三种基本状态。就绪状态是指线程具备运行的所有条件，逻辑上可以运行，在等待处理机；运行状态是指线程占有处理机正在运行；阻塞状态是指线程在等待一个事件（如某个信号量），逻辑上不可执行。
线程是程序中一个单一的顺序控制流程。进程内一个相对独立的、可调度的执行单元，是系统独立调度和分派CPU的基本单位指运行中的程序的调度单位。在单个程序中同时运行多个线程完成不同的工作，称为多线程。
一个Java程序的入口是main方法，通过调用main方法开始执行，然后按照代码逻辑执行，看似没有其他线程参与，其实java程序天生就是多线程程序，执行一个main方法其实就是一个名为mian的线程和其他线程分别执行，参考代码如下：
package com.sunld;import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;import java.lang.management.ThreadInfo;
import java.lang.management.ThreadMXBean;/**
* @Title: TestMainThread.java
* @Package com.sunld
* <p>Description:</p>
* @author sunld
* @version V1.0.0
* <p>CreateDate:2017年9月28日 下午3:54:19</p>
*/public class TestMainThread {
public static void main(String[] args) { // 获取Java线程管理MXBean
ThreadMXBean threadMXBean = ManagementFactory.getThreadMXBean(); // 不需要获取同步的monitor和synchronizer信息，仅获取线程和线程堆栈信息
ThreadInfo[] threadInfos = threadMXBean.dumpAllThreads(false, false); // 遍历线程信息，仅打印线程ID和线程名称信息
for (ThreadInfo threadInfo : threadInfos) {
System.out.println("[" + threadInfo.getThreadId() + "] " +
threadInfo.getThreadName());
}
}
}[5] Attach Listener//附加监听 [4] Signal Dispatcher//分发处理发送给JVM信号的线程 [3] Finalizer//调用对象finalize方法的线程 [2] Reference Handler清除Reference的线程 [1] mainmain线程，用户程序入口
/**
* A thread state. A thread can be in one of the following states:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link #NEW}<br>
* A thread that has not yet started is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #RUNNABLE}<br>
* A thread executing in the Java virtual machine is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #BLOCKED}<br>
* A thread that is blocked waiting for a monitor lock
* is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #WAITING}<br>
* A thread that is waiting indefinitely for another thread to
* perform a particular action is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #TIMED_WAITING}<br>
* A thread that is waiting for another thread to perform an action
* for up to a specified waiting time is in this state.
* </li>
* <li>{@link #TERMINATED}<br>
* A thread that has exited is in this state.
* </li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>
* A thread can be in only one state at a given point in time.
* These states are virtual machine states which do not reflect
* any operating system thread states.
*
* @since 1.5
* @see #getState
*/
public enum State {
/**
* Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
*/
NEW,
/**
* Thread state for a runnable thread. A thread in the runnable
* state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
* be waiting for other resources from the operating system
* such as processor.
*/
RUNNABLE,
/**
* Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
* A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
* to enter a synchronized block/method or
* reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
* {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
*/
BLOCKED,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread.
* A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
* following methods:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
* perform a particular action.
*
* For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
* on an object is waiting for another thread to call
* <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
* that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
* is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
*/
WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
* A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
* the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
* <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
* </ul>
*/
TIMED_WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a terminated thread.
* The thread has completed execution.
*/
TERMINATED;
}
就绪状态转换为运行状态：当此线程得到处理器资源；
运行状态转换为就绪状态：当此线程主动调用yield()方法或在运行过程中失去处理器资源。
运行状态转换为死亡状态：当此线程线程执行体执行完毕或发生了异常。
此处需要特别注意的是：当调用线程的yield()方法时，线程从运行状态转换为就绪状态，但接下来CPU调度就绪状态中的哪个线程具有一定的随机性，因此，可能会出现A线程调用了yield()方法后，接下来CPU仍然调度了A线程的情况。
由于实际的业务需要，常常会遇到需要在特定时机终止某一线程的运行，使其进入到死亡状态。目前最通用的做法是设置一boolean型的变量，当条件满足时，使线程执行体快速执行完毕（不在执行run方法）在后续的文章中会介绍如何安全的终止一个线程。。
package com.sunld;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;/**
* @Title: TestThreadState.java
* @Package com.sunld
* <p>Description:</p>
* @author sunld
* @version V1.0.0
* <p>CreateDate:2017年9月28日 下午5:14:27</p>
*/public class TestThreadState {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TimeWaiting (), "TimeWaitingThread").start();
new Thread(new Waiting(), "WaitingThread").start(); // 使用两个Blocked线程，一个获取锁成功，另一个被阻塞
new Thread(new Blocked(), "BlockedThread-1").start();
new Thread(new Blocked(), "BlockedThread-2").start();
} //该线程不断地进行睡眠
static class TimeWaiting implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
SleepUtils.second(100);
}
} //该线程在Waiting.class实例上等待
static class Waiting implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
synchronized (Waiting.class) {
try {
Waiting.class.wait();
}catch(InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
} //该线程在Blocked.class实例上加锁后，不会释放该锁
static class Blocked implements Runnable {
@Override public void run() {
synchronized (Blocked.class) {
while (true) {
SleepUtils.second(100);
}
}
}
}
}class SleepUtils{
public static final void second(long seconds) {
try {
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(seconds);
}catch(InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}2017-09-28 17:26:47Full thread dump Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (25.112-b15 mixed mode): //BlockedThread-2线程获取到了Blocked.class的锁"BlockedThread-2" #13 prio=5 os_prio=0 tid=0x000000001f268000 nid=0x3754 waiting on condition [0x000000002009f000] java.lang.Thread.State: TIMED_WAITING (sleeping) //BlockedThread-1线程阻塞在获取Blocked.class示例的锁上"BlockedThread-1" #12 prio=5 os_prio=0 tid=0x000000001f266800 nid=0x89c waiting for monitor entry [0x000000001ff9f000] java.lang.Thread.State: BLOCKED (on object monitor) //WaitingThread线程在Waiting实例上等待"WaitingThread" #11 prio=5 os_prio=0 tid=0x000000001f260800 nid=0x4d08 in Object.wait() [0x000000001fe9f000] java.lang.Thread.State: WAITING (on object monitor) //TimeWaitingThread线程处于超时等待"TimeWaitingThread" #10 prio=5 os_prio=0 tid=0x000000001f25f000 nid=0x42ac waiting on condition [0x000000001fd9e000] java.lang.Thread.State: TIMED_WAITING (sleeping)
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