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1 EXPLAIN概念
EXPLAIN会向我们提供一些MySQL是执行sql的信息:
2 EXPLAIN 输出列信息
EXPLAIN输出的字段信息
第一列:列名, 第二列:FORMAT = JSON时输出中显示的等效属性名称 ,第三列:字段含义
Column | JSON Name | Meaning |
---|---|---|
id | select_id | select标识号 |
select_type | None | select类型 |
table | table_name | 这一行数据是关于哪张表的 |
partitions | partitions | 匹配的分区,对于未分区表,该值为空 |
type | access_type | 使用的连接类别,有无使用索引 |
possible_keys | possible_keys | MySQL能使用哪个索引在该表中找到行 |
key | key | MySQL实际决定使用的键(索引) |
key_len | key_length | MySQL决定使用的键长度。如果键是NULL,长度为NULL |
ref | ref | 与索引关联的列 |
rows | rows | mysql认为执行sql时必须被校验的行数 |
filtered | filtered | 表示此查询条件所过滤的数据的百分比 |
Extra | None | 附加信息 |
2.1 id
SELECT标识符。SELECT在查询中的序列号,可以为空。
2.2 select_type
SELECT类型,所有类型在下表中展示,JSON格式的EXPLAIN将SELECT类型公开为query_block的属性,除非它是SIMPLE或PRIMARY。 JSON名称(不适用为None)也显示在表中。
select_type Value | JSON Name | Meaning |
---|---|---|
SIMPLE | None | 简单SELECT(不使用UNION或子查询等) |
PRIMARY | None | 嵌套查询时最外层的查询 |
UNION | None | UNION中的第二个或后面的SELECT语句 |
DEPENDENT UNION | dependent (true) | UNION中的第二个或以后的SELECT语句,取决于外部查询 |
UNION RESULT | union_result | UNION的结果 |
SUBQUERY | None | 子查询中的第一个选择 |
DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | dependent (true) | 子查询中的第一个选择,取决于外部查询 |
DERIVED | None | 派生表(子查询中产生的临时表) |
MATERIALIZED | materialized_from_subquery | 物化子查询 |
UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY | cacheable (false) | 无法缓存结果的子查询,必须对外部查询的每一行进行重新计算 |
UNCACHEABLE UNION | cacheable (false) | UNION中属于不可缓存子查询的第二个或以后的选择(请参 UNCACHEABLE SUBQUERY) |
表信息(后面演示用):
mysql> show create table t_a; ------+ | t_a | CREATE TABLE `t_a` ( `id` bigint(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', `age` int(20) DEFAULT NULL, `code` int(20) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), UNIQUE KEY `uk_code` (`code`), KEY `age_key` (`age`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk | +-------+----------------------------------- ------+ 1 row in set (0.03 sec)
SIMPLE:简单SELECT(不使用UNION或子查询等)
mysql> explain select * from t_a where id =1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
PRIMARY:嵌套查询时最外层的查询
mysql> explain select * from t_a where num >(select num from t_a where id = 3); +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_a | NULL | range | num_key | num_key | 5 | NULL | 6 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
UNION:UNION中的第二个或后面的SELECT语句
mysql> explain select * from t_a where id =9 union all select * from t_a; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 2 | UNION | t_a | NULL | index | NULL | num_key | 5 | NULL | 9 | 100.00 | Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+ 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.04 sec)
DEPENDENT UNION:UNION中的第二个或以后的SELECT语句,取决于外部查询
mysql> explain select * from t_a where id in (select id from t_a where id >8 union all select id from t_a where id =5); +----+--------------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+--------------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_a | NULL | index | NULL | num_key | 5 | NULL | 9 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_a | NULL | eq_ref | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index | | 3 | DEPENDENT UNION | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index | +----+--------------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ 3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.08 sec)
UNION RESULT:UNION的结果
mysql> explain select num from t_a where id = 3 union select num from t_a where id =4; +----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 2 | UNION | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union1,2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------+ 3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
SUBQUERY:子查询中的第一个选择
mysql> explain select * from t_a where num >(select num from t_a where id = 3); +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_a | NULL | range | num_key | num_key | 5 | NULL | 6 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index | | 2 | SUBQUERY | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
DEPENDENT SUBQUERY:子查询中的第一个选择,取决于外部查询
mysql> explain select * from t_a where num in(select num from t_a where id = 3 union select num from t_a where id =4); +----+--------------------+------------+------------+-------+-----------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+--------------------+------------+------------+-------+-----------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | t_a | NULL | index | NULL | num_key | 5 | NULL | 9 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index | | 2 | DEPENDENT SUBQUERY | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY,num_key | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 3 | DEPENDENT UNION | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY,num_key | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | NULL | UNION RESULT | <union2,3> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | Using temporary | +----+--------------------+------------+------------+-------+-----------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ 4 rows in set, 1 warning (0.12 sec)
DERIVED:派生表(子查询中产生的临时表)
mysql> explain select a.id from (select id from t_a where id >8 union all select id from t_a where id =5) a; +----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | NULL | | 2 | DERIVED | t_a | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index | | 3 | UNION | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | Using index | +----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ 3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.12 sec)
显示这一行的数据是关于哪张表的,有时是真实的表名字,有时也可能是以下几种结果
查询的记录所属于的分区,对于未分区表,该值为NULL。
连接使用了哪种类别,有无使用索引,常用的类型有:system, const, eq_ref, ref, range, index, ALL(从左到右,性能越来越差),详情查看 EXPLAIN Join Types
NULL:MySQL在优化过程中分解语句,执行时甚至不用访问表或索引,例如从一个索引列里选取最小值可以通过单独索引查找完成
system:这个表(也可能是查询出来的临时表)只有一行数据 (= system table). 是const中的一个特例
const:表最多有一个匹配行,它将在查询开始时被读取。因为仅有一行,在这行的列值可被优化器剩余部分认为是常数。const表很快,因为它们只读取一次!const用于查询条件为PRIMARY KEY或UNIQUE索引并与常数值进行比较时的所有部分。
在下面的查询中,tbl_name可以用于const表:
SELECT * from tbl_name WHERE primary_key=1; SELECT * from tbl_name WHERE primary_key_part1=1和 primary_key_part2=2; --例子 mysql> explain select * from t_a where id =1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.07 sec)
eq_ref:对于前几个表中的每一行组合,从该表中读取一行。除了system和const,这是最好的连接类型。当连接使用索引的所有部分,并且索引是主键或唯一非空索引时,将使用它。eq_ref可以用于使用= 操作符比较的带索引的列。比较值可以为常量或一个使用在该表前面所读取的表的列的表达式。
在下面的例子中,MySQL可以使用eq_ref联接去处理ref_tables:
SELECT * FROM ref_table,other_table WHERE ref_table.key_column=other_table.column; SELECT * FROM ref_table,other_table WHERE ref_table.key_column_part1=other_table.column AND ref_table.key_column_part2=1; --例子(t_b为t_a的复制表,表结构相同) mysql> explain select * from t_a,t_b where t_a.code=t_b.code; +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_a | NULL | ALL | uk_code | NULL | NULL | NULL | 9 | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | t_b | NULL | eq_ref | uk_code | uk_code | 4 | test.t_a.code | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+--------+---------------+---------+---------+---------------+------+----------+-------+ 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
ref对于每个来自于前面的表的行组合,所有有匹配索引值的行将从这张表中读取。如果联接只使用键的最左边的前缀,或如果键不是UNIQUE或PRIMARY KEY(换句话说,如果联接不能基于关键字查询结果为单个行的话),则使用ref。如果使用的键仅仅匹配少量行,该联接类型是不错的。ref可以用于使用=或<=>操作符的带索引的列。
在下面的例子中,MySQL可以使用ref联接来处理ref_tables:
SELECT * FROM ref_table WHERE key_column=expr; SELECT * FROM ref_table,other_table WHERE ref_table.key_column=other_table.column; SELECT * FROM ref_table,other_table WHERE ref_table.key_column_part1=other_table.column AND ref_table.key_column_part2=1; --例子(t_b为t_a的复制表,表结构相同) mysql> explain select * from t_a,t_b where t_a.age=t_b.age; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_a | NULL | ALL | age_key | NULL | NULL | NULL | 9 | 100.00 | Using where | | 1 | SIMPLE | t_b | NULL | ref | age_key | age_key | 5 | test.t_a.age | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+---------+---------+--------------+------+----------+-------------+ 2 rows in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
fulltext:使用FULLTEXT索引执行连接
ref_or_null:该联接类型ref类似,但是添加了MySQL可以专门搜索包含NULL值的行。在解决子查询中经常使用该联接类型的优化。
在下面的例子中,MySQL可以使用ref_or_null联接来处理ref_tables:
SELECT * FROM ref_table WHERE key_column=expr OR key_column IS NULL; --例子 mysql> explain select * from t_a where t_a.age =3 or t_a.age is null; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_a | NULL | ref_or_null | age_key | age_key | 5 | const | 2 | 100.00 | Using index condition | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+---------------+---------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
index_merge:该联接类型表示使用了索引合并优化方法。在这种情况下,key列包含了使用的索引的清单,key_len包含了使用的索引的最长的关键元素。
SELECT * FROM ref_table WHERE idx1=expr1 OR idx2 =expr2; --例子 mysql> explain select * from t_a where t_a.code =3 or t_a.age = 3; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_a | NULL | index_merge | uk_code,age_key | uk_code,age_key | 4,5 | NULL | 2 | 100.00 | Using union(uk_code,age_key); Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------------+-----------------+-----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------------------------------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
unique_subquery:该类型替换了下面形式的IN子查询的ref:
value IN (SELECT primary_key FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)
index_subquery:该联接类型类似于unique_subquery。可以替换IN子查询,但只适合下列形式的子查询中的非唯一索引:
value IN (SELECT key_column FROM single_table WHERE some_expr)
range:只检索给定范围的行,使用一个索引来选择行。key列显示使用了哪个索引。key_len包含所使用索引的最长关键元素。在该类型中ref列为NULL。当使用=、<>、>、>=、<、<=、IS NULL、<=>、BETWEEN或者IN操作符,用常量比较关键字列时,可以使用range
mysql> explain select * from t_a where id > 8; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_a | NULL | range | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 8 | NULL | 1 | 100.00 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+---------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ 1 row in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
index:该联接类型与ALL相同,除了只有索引树被扫描。这通常比ALL快,因为索引文件通常比数据文件小。当查询只使用作为单索引一部分的列时,MySQL可以使用该联接类型。
ALL:对于每个来自于先前的表的行组合,进行完整的表扫描。如果表是第一个没标记const的表,这通常不好,并且通常在它情况下很差。通常可以增加更多的索引而不要使用ALL,使得行能基于前面的表中的常数值或列值被检索出。
possible_keys列指出MySQL能使用哪个索引在该表中找到行。注意,该列完全独立于EXPLAIN输出所示的表的次序。这意味着在possible_keys中的某些键实际上不能按生成的表次序使用。
如果该列是NULL,则没有相关的索引。在这种情况下,可以通过检查WHERE子句看是否它引用某些列或适合索引的列来提高你的查询性能。如果是这样,创造一个适当的索引并且再次用EXPLAIN检查查询
key列显示MySQL实际决定使用的键(索引)。如果没有选择索引,键是NULL。要想强制MySQL使用或忽视possible_keys列中的索引,在查询中使用FORCE INDEX、USE INDEX或者IGNORE INDEX。
key_len列显示MySQL决定使用的键长度。如果键是NULL,则长度为NULL。
使用的索引的长度。在不损失精确性的情况下,长度越短越好
ref列显示使用哪个列或常数与key一起从表中选择行。
rows列显示MySQL认为它执行查询时必须检查的行数。
该列包含MySQL解决查询的详细信息,下面详细.
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