1、以下值用 empty() 被判断为true:
未赋值变量、未声明变量、0、"0"、""、false、null、空数组 array() 、对象的魔术方法 __get() 返回的值
在低于 PHP5.0 的版本中,没有任何属性的对象也被 empty 判断为 true
注意:empty() 只接受变量或变量的索引值或属性值,不能直接传入常量,也不能传入运算表达式,PHP 5.5 之后支持表达式
2、被 isset() 判断为 false 的值:未赋值变量、未声明变量、null、__get() 返回的值,接受的参与 empty()一样,不能是常量和表达式.
3、不同类型的数据比较
如果有一个是 boolean 型或者 null, 转换成 boolean 比较,
否则如果有一个是 number,转换成 number 比较,
否则如果有一个是 string,转换成 string 比较
object 类型总是大于 array 类型和标量类型,array 类型总是大于 标量类型
注意这些比较结果:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | <span style= "color: #008000;" >
123== '0123' <span style= "color: #008000;" >
"123"
"012" == 10 <span style= "color: #008000;" >
012 == 10 <span style= "color: #008000;" >
0x12 == 18 <span style= "color: #008000;" >
"0x12" == 18 <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >false</span> true; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
2><span style= "color: #0000ff;" >true</span>; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
2==<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >true</span>; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >null</span>==0; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
-1
-1null;<span style= "color: #008000;" >
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4、类型转换规则
被 empty() 判断为 true 的值转换为 boolean 型得到 false ,反之,得到 true ( __get() 返回的值需按具体的值判断)
被 empty() 判断为 true 的值转换成 number 得 0,非空的 array 转 number 得到1 ( __get() 返回的值需按具体的值判断)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > class </span><span style= "color: #000000;" > Test{
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > private </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $k </span>=1<span style= "color: #000000;" >;
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > public </span> <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > function </span> __get(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $propertyName </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >){
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > return </span> 123<span style= "color: #000000;" >;
}
}
</span><span style= "color: #800080;" > $obj </span> = <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > new </span><span style= "color: #000000;" > Test();
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> json_encode(<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > empty </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $obj </span>->k)); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> json_encode(<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >isset</span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $obj </span>->k)); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> json_encode((bool)(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $obj </span>->k)); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
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几个string 转 number 的场景:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 | <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> 'abc' *1 ; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> '012' *1; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> '0x12.123' *1; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> (<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >float</span>) '0x12' ;<span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> (int) '0x12' ; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> (<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >float</span>) '12abc' ; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> (<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >float</span>) 'abc' ; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #008080;" > is_numeric </span>( '0x123' ); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #008080;" > is_numeric </span>( '0x123.123' ); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
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string 转 number 时截取左侧的数字字符串进行转换,如果没有则返回 0.
其他数据转字符串:
1 | <span style= "color: #008000;" >
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1 2 3 4 5 | (<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >string</span>)0 ; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
(<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >string</span>)<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >true</span>; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
(<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >string</span>)<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >false</span>; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
(<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >string</span>)<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >null</span>; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
(<span style= "color: #0000ff;" >string</span>)<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > array </span>(); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
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数组可以直接进行字符串拼接操作但不能进行数学运算.
object 类型转换成 boolean 总是 true, object 类型不能转换成 number 和 string ,因此也不能进行字符串拼接和数学运算
标量转换成 array 的方式是将数组第一个元素设置成标量,返回该数组。
标量转换成 object 得到一个 stdClass 类的实例,标量的值被赋给名为 scalar 的属性: Object( [scalar] => 234)
array 转 object 得到一个 stdClass 类的实例,数组的 key 为实力的属性名。
object 转 array 有点复杂:
方法、静态属性、类常量被丢弃
保护属性名称前面被被加上一个 "*"
私有属性前面被加上类名作为前缀(大小写与类名完全相同)
这些前缀的前后都加上空字符 \0
例如一个由 object 转换来的 array 为:
1 | <span style= "color: #0000ff;" >Array</span>( [*v] => 444 [bf] => 333 [bk] => 99977 [Ak] => 999 [*p] => 888 [a2] => 22)
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原对象中有:
public 属性 a2, protected 属性 v、p ,这些属性来自哪个类无法鉴别(被重写则取子类的属性)
来自类 b 的 private 属性 f、k,(从数组 key 来看,以bf为例,无法判断他是属性名为bf,还是来自类b的私有属性f)
来自类 A 的 private 属性 k
无法鉴别 b 和 A 哪个是子类哪个是父类(仅从 array 的key来看,也无法推断出原对象构造自哪个类)
例子:

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 | <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > class </span><span style= "color: #000000;" > A {
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > private </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $A </span> = 'private property, $A of class A' ; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > protected </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $C </span> = 'protected property, $C of class A' <span style= "color: #000000;" >;
}
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > class </span> B <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > extends </span><span style= "color: #000000;" > A {
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > private </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $A </span> = 'private property, $A of class B' ; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > public </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $AA </span> = 'public property, $AA of class B' ; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > protected </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $B </span> = 'protected property, $B of class B' <span style= "color: #000000;" >;
}
</span><span style= "color: #800080;" > $arr </span> = (<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > array </span>) <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > new </span><span style= "color: #000000;" > B();
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > foreach </span> (<span style= "color: #800080;" > $arr </span> <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > as </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $key </span> => <span style= "color: #800080;" > $value </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >) {
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> '<br>' <span style= "color: #000000;" >;
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $key </span> . ',length: ' .<span style= "color: #008080;" > strlen </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $key </span>). ' value: ' .<span style= "color: #800080;" > $value </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >;
}</span>
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输出结果:
1 2 3 4 5 | BA,length: 4 value: <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > private </span> property, <span style= "color: #800080;" > $A </span> of <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > class </span><span style= "color: #000000;" > B
AA</span>,length: 2 value: <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > public </span> property, <span style= "color: #800080;" > $AA </span> of <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > class </span><span style= "color: #000000;" > B
</span>*B,length: 4 value: <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > protected </span> property, <span style= "color: #800080;" > $B </span> of <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > class </span><span style= "color: #000000;" > B
AA</span>,length: 4 value: <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > private </span> property, <span style= "color: #800080;" > $A </span> of <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > class </span><span style= "color: #000000;" > A
</span>*C,length: 4 value: <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > protected </span> property, <span style= "color: #800080;" > $C </span> of <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > class </span> A
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5、 逻辑运算总是返回 true 或 false (写多了 javascript 的人要注意),逻辑运算符优先级从高到低 为 &&、 ||、 and、 or ,逻辑运算符的短路效果可以使用语句中,但记住他们不会像 javascript 中那样返回一个 不是 boolean 类型的值,在表达式中使用要注意。
1 2 3 4 5 6 | <span style= "color: #800080;" > $a </span> = 1<span style= "color: #000000;" >;
</span><span style= "color: #800080;" > $b </span>=0<span style= "color: #000000;" >;
</span><span style= "color: #800080;" > $b </span> and <span style= "color: #800080;" > $a </span> = 100<span style= "color: #000000;" >;
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $a </span>; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #800080;" > $b </span> || <span style= "color: #800080;" > $a </span> = 200<span style= "color: #000000;" >;
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $a </span>; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
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6、switch 的比较不是 "===" 而是 "==" (在 javascript 中是 "===")
7、 在 php4 中,object 之间的比较方式与 array 相同,在 php5 中 , object 类型间的 "==" 比较为 true的前 提是,他们属于同一个类的实例(当然还要进行属性的比较,这类似标量的"==="比较),object 间的 "===" 比较为 true 的前提是他 们 就是同一个对象。
在 PHP4 中 ,不包括任何成员变量的对象 被 empty() 判断为 true
字符串偏移 offset 取字符的 empty() 判定: 取对应 offset 的字符进行判断,在PHP5.4 以前,使用索引从字符串中取字符时会先将索引进行取整,因此左侧不包含数字的字符串都被转换成0,PHP5.4之后,不再对非整形格式的字符串索引进行取整,因此判断为 true, 同理,isset() 判定为false. 如:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | <span style= "color: #800080;" > $str </span> = 'ab0d' <span style= "color: #000000;" >;
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > empty </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $str </span>[0]); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > empty </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $str </span>[0.5]); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > empty </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $str </span>[ "0.5" ]); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > empty </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $str </span>[2]); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > empty </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $str </span>[ "3" ]); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > empty </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $str </span>[4]); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > empty </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $str </span>[ 'a' ]); <span style= "color: #008000;" >
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无论是“不等于”还是”==“ ,不要在 PHP 的跨类型数据比较中使用”传递性“:
$a == $b; //true
$b == $c; //true
并不能说明 $a == $c 为 true
数组的比较方法

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #0000ff;" > function </span> standard_array_compare(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $op1 </span>, <span style= "color: #800080;" > $op2 </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >)
{
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > if </span> (<span style= "color: #008080;" > count </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $op1 </span>) count (<span style= "color: #800080;" > $op2 </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >)) {
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > return </span> -1; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
} <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > elseif </span> (<span style= "color: #008080;" > count </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $op1 </span>) > <span style= "color: #008080;" > count </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $op2 </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >)) {
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > return </span> 1; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
<span style= "color: #000000;" > }
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > foreach </span> (<span style= "color: #800080;" > $op1 </span> <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > as </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $key </span> => <span style= "color: #800080;" > $val </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >) {
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > if </span> (!<span style= "color: #008080;" > array_key_exists </span>(<span style= "color: #800080;" > $key </span>, <span style= "color: #800080;" > $op2 </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >)) {
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > return </span> <span style= "color: #0000ff;" >null</span>; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
} <span style= "color: #0000ff;" > elseif </span> (<span style= "color: #800080;" > $val </span> $op2 </span>[<span style= "color: #800080;" > $key </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >]) {
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > return </span> -1<span style= "color: #000000;" >;
} </span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > elseif </span> (<span style= "color: #800080;" > $val </span> > <span style= "color: #800080;" > $op2 </span>[<span style= "color: #800080;" > $key </span><span style= "color: #000000;" >]) {
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > return </span> 1<span style= "color: #000000;" >;
}
}
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > return </span> 0; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
}
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8、三元运算符 ?: ,跟其他大多数编程语言不一样,PHP 的三元运算符是左结合的!
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | <span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> = 'T' <span style= "color: #000000;" >;
</span><span style= "color: #800080;" > $vehicle </span> = ( ( <span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'B' ) ? 'bus' :<span style= "color: #000000;" >
( </span><span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'A' ) ? 'airplane' :<span style= "color: #000000;" >
( </span><span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'T' ) ? 'train' :<span style= "color: #000000;" >
( </span><span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'C' ) ? 'car' :<span style= "color: #000000;" >
( </span><span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'H' ) ? 'horse' :
'feet' <span style= "color: #000000;" > );
</span><span style= "color: #0000ff;" > echo </span> <span style= "color: #800080;" > $vehicle </span>; <span style= "color: #008000;" >
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三元运算表达式被划分为
1 2 3 4 5 | ( <span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'B' ) ? 'bus' : ( <span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'A' <span style= "color: #000000;" > )
</span>? 'airplane' : ( <span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'T' <span style= "color: #000000;" > )
</span>? 'train' : ( <span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'C' <span style= "color: #000000;" > )
</span>? 'car' : ( <span style= "color: #800080;" > $arg </span> == 'H' <span style= "color: #000000;" > )
</span>? 'horse' : 'feet' ;
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