自MySQL 5.6.5起,引入了一种基于全局事务标识符(GTID)的复制方法。GTID确保了在集群中每个提交到主库的事务都有一个唯一的标识符。这种方式强化了数据库的主备一致性,故障恢复以及容错能力。
GTID (Global Transaction ID) 是对于一个已提交事务的编号,并且是一个全局唯一的编号。 GTID实际上是由UUID+TID 组成的。其中UUID是一个 MySQL实例的唯一标识。TID的值随着每个提交的事务单调递增,记录了该实例上已经提交的事务数量。
下面是一个GTID的具体形式:3E11FA47-71CA-11E1-9E33-C80AA9429562:23,冒号分割前边为uuid,后边为TID。
GTID集合可以包含来自多个MySQL实例的事务,它们之间用逗号分隔。
多个事务序号的范围区间若来自同一MySQL实例,则应以冒号分隔各组范围。例如:e6954592-8dba-11e6-af0e-fa163e1cf111:1-5:11-18,e6954592-8dba-11e6-af0e-fa163e1cf3f2:1-27。
在原来基于二进制日志的复制中,从库需要告知主库要从哪个偏移量进行增量同步,如果指定错误会造成数据的遗漏,从而造成数据的不一致。借助GTID,在发生主备切换的情况下,MySQL的其它从库可以自动在新主库上找到正确的复制位置,这大大简化了复杂复制拓扑下集群的维护,也减少了人为设置复制位置发生误操作的风险。使用基于GTID的复制可以排除已执行的事务,从而降低数据不一致性的风险。
主库基于gtid set可以准确的知道从库缺少哪些数据,不会多给从库数据,也不会少给,避免网络带宽浪费。
mysql主从结构在一主一从情况下对于GTID来说就没有优势了,而对于2台主以上的结构优势异常明显,可以在数据不丢失的情况下切换新主。
注意:在构建主从复制之前,在一台将成为主的实例上进行一些操作(如数据清理等),通过GTID复制,这些在主从成立之前的操作也会被复制到从服务器上,引起复制失败。也就是说通过GTID复制都是从最先开始的事务日志开始,即使这些操作在复制之前执行。比如在server1上执行一些drop、delete的清理操作,接着在server2上执行change的操作,会使得server2也进行server1的清理操作。
当一个事务在主库端执行并提交时,产生GTID,一同记录到binlog日志中。
binlog传输到slave,并存储到slave的relaylog后,读取这个GTID的这个值设置gtid_next变量,即告诉Slave,下一个要执行的GTID值。
sql线程从relay log中获取GTID,然后对比slave端的binlog是否有该GTID。
如果有记录,说明该GTID的事务已经执行,slave会忽略。
如果没有记录,slave就会执行该GTID事务,并记录该GTID到自身的binlog,在读取执行事务前会先检查其他session持有该GTID,确保不被重复执行。
主机规划:
master:docker,端口3312
slave:docker,端口3313
配置文件my.cnf内容如下:
$ cat /home/mysql/docker-data/3313/conf/my.cnf # For advice on how to change settings please see # http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/server-configuration-defaults.html [mysqld] # # Remove leading # and set to the amount of RAM for the most important data # cache in MySQL. Start at 70% of total RAM for dedicated server, else 10%. # innodb_buffer_pool_size = 128M # # Remove leading # to turn on a very important data integrity option: logging # changes to the binary log between backups. # log_bin # # Remove leading # to set options mainly useful for reporting servers. # The server defaults are faster for transactions and fast SELECTs. # Adjust sizes as needed, experiment to find the optimal values. # join_buffer_size = 128M # sort_buffer_size = 2M # read_rnd_buffer_size = 2M #datadir=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/data #socket=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/mysql.sock character_set_server=utf8 init_connect='SET NAMES utf8' # Disabling symbolic-links is recommended to prevent assorted security risks symbolic-links=0 #log-error=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/logs/mysqld.log #pid-file=/home/mysql/docker-data/3307/mysqld.pid lower_case_table_names=1 server-id=1403311 log-bin=mysql-bin binlog-format=ROW auto_increment_increment=1 auto_increment_offset=1 # 开启gtid gtid_mode=ON enforce-gtid-consistency=true #rpl_semi_sync_master_enabled=1 #rpl_semi_sync_master_timeout=10000
创建docker实例:
$ docker run --name mysql3312 -p 3312:3306 --privileged=true -ti -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -e MYSQL_DATABASE=order -e MYSQL_USER=user -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=pass -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3312/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3312/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3312/logs/:/var/log/mysql -d mysql:5.7
添加用于复制的用户并授权:
mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE,FILE,REPLICATION CLIENT ON *.* TO 'repluser'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec) mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
配置文件my.cnf内容与master一致,注意修改server-id,保持唯一。
创建docker实例:
$ docker run --name mysql3313 -p 3313:3306 --privileged=true -ti -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=root -e MYSQL_DATABASE=order -e MYSQL_USER=user -e MYSQL_PASSWORD=pass -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3313/conf:/etc/mysql/conf.d -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3313/data/:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/docker-data/3313/logs/:/var/log/mysql -d mysql:5.7
开启GTID同步:
mysql> change master to master_host='172.23.252.98',master_port=3310,master_user='repluser',master_password='123456',master_auto_position=1; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec) mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
查看状态:
mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+ | mysql-bin.000008 | 154 | | | cd2eaa0a-7a59-11ec-b3b4-0242ac110002:1 | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+----------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show slave status\G; *************************** 1. row *************************** Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: 172.23.252.98 Master_User: repluser Master_Port: 3312 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000006 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 419 Relay_Log_File: 5dfbef024732-relay-bin.000003 Relay_Log_Pos: 632 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000006 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 419 Relay_Log_Space: 846 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1403311 Master_UUID: cd2eaa0a-7a59-11ec-b3b4-0242ac110002 Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: cd2eaa0a-7a59-11ec-b3b4-0242ac110002:1 Executed_Gtid_Set: cd2eaa0a-7a59-11ec-b3b4-0242ac110002:1 Auto_Position: 1 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在master.order表插入数据:
mysql> insert into t_order values(4,"V");
发现数据已经同步至slave:
mysql> select * from order.t_order; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 4 | V | +------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
先停止slave,再在master.order表插入数据:
mysql> insert into t_order values(5,"X");
然后再启动slave,发现数据已自动同步:
mysql> stop slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from order.t_order; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 4 | V | +------+------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> select * from order.t_order; +------+------+ | id | name | +------+------+ | 4 | V | | 5 | X | +------+------+ 4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
在slave服务器show slave status:
Fatal error: The slave I/O thread stops because master and slave have equal MySQL server UUIDs; these UUIDs must be different for replication to work.
首先检查master和slave的server_id是否一致,如果一致去修改my.cnf文件中的server_id字段:
mysql> show variables like 'server_id';
然后排查master和slave的uuid是否一致:
mysql> show variables like '%uuid%';
如果uuid一致去修改data目录下的auto.cnf文件,拷贝整个data目录,把auto.cnf文件也拷贝过来了,里面记录了数据库的uuid,每个库的uuid应该是不一样的。
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