使用 expvar 暴露 Go 程序运行指标
Pull 与 Push
与监控系统对接方式有两种，一种是 Pull（拉取），另外一种 Push（推送）。
以 Prometheus 为例，应用程序通过暴露出 HTTP 接口，让 Prometheus 周期性地通过该接口抓取指标，这就是 Pull。而 Push 是应用程序主动将指标推送给 PushGateway， Prometheus 则去 PushGateway 抓取数据。
Go 标准库中有一个名为 expvar 的包，它的名字由 exp 和 var 两部分组合而成，意味着导出变量。
expvar 为公共变量提供了标准化的接口，并通过 HTTP 以 Json 的格式将这些变量暴露出去，很适合采用 Pull 的方式与监控系统进行对接。
使用 expvar 库
expvar 是标准库，意味着我们并不要额外的依赖，并且它还提供了一些开箱即用的指标。下面我们来学习一下该库的使用。
当引用了 expvar 库（<code style="font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word;padding: 2px 4px;border-radius: 4px;margin: 0 2px;background-color: rgba(27,31,35,.05);font-family: Operator Mono, Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;word-break: break-all;color: #000000;background: rgba(14, 210, 247, 0.15);"><span style="font-size: 15px;">import "expvar"</span>import "expvar"），以下 init 函数将被自动调用。
func init() {
http.HandleFunc("/debug/vars", expvarHandler)
Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))
Publish("memstats", Func(memstats))
}该函数为我们注册了 /debug/vars 路径的 HTTP 服务，访问该路径将得到 Json 格式的指标。
因此，我们还需要调用 ListenAndServe 绑定端口，并开始服务 HTTP 请求。
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)完整代码如下
package main
import (
_ "expvar"
"net/http"
)
func main() {
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}将程序运行起来后，通过 curl 请求，得到以下结果
$ curl localhost:8080/debug/vars
{
"cmdline": ["/var/folders/xk/gn46n46d503dsztbc6_9qb2h0000gn/T/go-build1657217338/b001/exe/main"],
"memstats": {"Alloc":278880,"TotalAlloc":278880,"Sys":8735760,"Lookups":0,"Mallocs":1169,"Frees":87,"HeapAlloc":278880,"HeapSys":3866624,"HeapIdle":2949120,"HeapInuse":917504,"HeapReleased":2899968,"HeapObjects":1082,"StackInuse":327680,"StackSys":327680,"MSpanInuse":28696,"MSpanSys":32640,"MCacheInuse":9600,"MCacheSys":15600,"BuckHashSys":3875,"GCSys":3826448,"OtherSys":662893,"NextGC":4194304,"LastGC":0,"PauseTotalNs":0,"PauseNs":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"PauseEnd":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"NumGC":0,"NumForcedGC":0,"GCCPUFraction":0,"EnableGC":true,"DebugGC":false,"BySize":[{"Size":0,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8,"Mallocs":41,"Frees":0},{"Size":16,"Mallocs":496,"Frees":0},{"Size":24,"Mallocs":63,"Frees":0},{"Size":32,"Mallocs":28,"Frees":0},{"Size":48,"Mallocs":134,"Frees":0},{"Size":64,"Mallocs":50,"Frees":0},{"Size":80,"Mallocs":17,"Frees":0},{"Size":96,"Mallocs":17,"Frees":0},{"Size":112,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":128,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":144,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":160,"Mallocs":18,"Frees":0},{"Size":176,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":192,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":208,"Mallocs":37,"Frees":0},{"Size":224,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":256,"Mallocs":12,"Frees":0},{"Size":288,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":320,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":352,"Mallocs":13,"Frees":0},{"Size":384,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":416,"Mallocs":30,"Frees":0},{"Size":448,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":480,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":512,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":576,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":640,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":704,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":768,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":896,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":1024,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":1152,"Mallocs":10,"Frees":0},{"Size":1280,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":1408,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1536,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":1792,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":2048,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":2304,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":2688,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":3072,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3200,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3456,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":4096,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":4864,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":5376,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6144,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":6528,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6784,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6912,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8192,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":9472,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":9728,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10880,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":12288,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":13568,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":14336,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":16384,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":18432,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0}]}
}可以看到，expvar 默认已提供了两项指标，分别是程序执行命令（os.Args）和运行时内存分配（runtime.Memstats）信息。
expvar 库重点内容
expvar 中最重要的是 Publish 函数和 Var 接口。
func Publish(name string, v Var) {}Publish 函数签名中需要两个参数，name 是我们指定的指标名。例如在上文 expvar 的 init 函数下 <span style="font-size: 15px;">Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))</span><span style="font-size: 15px;">Publish("cmdline", Func(cmdline))</span><span style="font-size: 15px;">cmdline</span>代码行，其中</span>cmdline<code style="font-size: 14px;word-wrap: break-word;padding: 2px 4px;border-radius: 4px;margin: 0 2px;background-color: rgba(27,31,35,.05);font-family: Operator Mono, Consolas, Monaco, Menlo, monospace;word-break: break-all;color: #000000;background: rgba(14, 210, 247, 0.15);"><span style="font-size: 15px;">Func(cmdline)</span>就是指标名，而</p>Func(cmdline)<p data-tool="mdnice编辑器" style="padding-top: 8px;padding-bottom: 8px;margin: 0;line-height: 26px;color: black;font-size: 17px;word-spacing: 3px;letter-spacing: 1px;">则是实现了 Var 接口的 expvar.Func 类型变量。
// Var is an abstract type for all exported variables.
type Var interface {
// String returns a valid JSON value for the variable.
// Types with String methods that do not return valid JSON
// (such as time.Time) must not be used as a Var.
String() string
}为了方便使用，expvar 库中提供了五种导出变量类型，它们均实现了 Var 接口。
type Int struct {
i int64
}
type Float struct {
f uint64
}
type Map struct {
m sync.Map // map[string]Var
keysMu sync.RWMutex
keys []string // sorted
}
type String struct {
s atomic.Value // string
}
type Func func() any我们分别通过调用 expvar.NewXXX 函数即可完成前四种类型的变量创建与指标注册。
intVar = expvar.NewInt(“metricName”) floatVar = expvar.NewFloat(“metricName”) mapVar = expvar.NewMap(“metricName”) stringVar = expvar.NewString(“metricName”)
例如 expvar.NewInt 函数，它会内部调用 Publish 方法完成指标名与 expvar.Int 类型变量的绑定。
func NewInt(name string) *Int {
v := new(Int)
Publish(name, v)
return v
}而 expvar.Func 类型，其实是为了让我们可以自定义导出类型。
例如，假如我们想要暴露以下定义的结构体
type MyStruct struct {
Field1 string
Field2 int
Field3 float64
}首先需要创建一个数据生成函数。它用于在每次调用 HTTP 服务路径时，通过该函数导出这里面的数据。
func MyStructData() interface{} {
return MyStruct{
Field1: "Gopher",
Field2: 22,
Field3: 19.99,
}
}最后，通过 Publish 函数注册指标名即可。
expvar.Publish("metricName", expvar.Func(MyStructData))完整示例
下面，我们给出一个覆盖五种导出变量类型的完整示例。
package main
import (
"expvar"
"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/host"
"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/load"
"github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3/mem"
"net/http"
"time"
)
type Load struct {
Load1 float64
Load5 float64
Load15 float64
}
func AllLoadAvg() interface{} {
return Load{
Load1: LoadAvg(1),
Load5: LoadAvg(5),
Load15: LoadAvg(15),
}
}
func LoadAvg(loadNumber int) float64 {
avg, _ := load.Avg()
switch loadNumber {
case 5:
return avg.Load5
case 15:
return avg.Load15
default:
return avg.Load1
}
}
func main() {
var (
aliveOfSeconds = expvar.NewInt("aliveOfSeconds")
hostID = expvar.NewString("hostID")
lastLoad = expvar.NewFloat("lastLoad")
virtualMemory = expvar.NewMap("virtualMemory")
)
expvar.Publish("allLoadAvg", expvar.Func(AllLoadAvg))
h, _ := host.HostID()
hostID.Set(h)
go http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
for {
aliveOfSeconds.Add(1)
vm, _ := mem.VirtualMemory()
lastLoad.Set(LoadAvg(1))
virtualMemory.Add("active", int64(vm.Active))
virtualMemory.Add("buffer", int64(vm.Buffers))
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
}
}在上述示例中，我们通过 gopsutil 库（介绍可见还在自己写 Go 系统监控函数吗一文）获取了一些系统信息，并展示了如何通过 expvar 中的各种变量类型将这些信息进行导出。
curl 访问 localhost:8080/debug/vars 结果如下
$ curl localhost:8080/debug/vars
{
"aliveOfSeconds": 1,
"allLoadAvg": {"Load1":1.69580078125,"Load5":1.97412109375,"Load15":1.90283203125},
"cmdline": ["/var/folders/xk/gn46n46d503dsztbc6_9qb2h0000gn/T/go-build3566019824/b001/exe/main"],
"hostID": "7a1a74f2-30fc-5bc1-b439-6b7aef22e58d",
"lastLoad": 1.69580078125,
"memstats": {"Alloc":256208,"TotalAlloc":256208,"Sys":8735760,"Lookups":0,"Mallocs":1089,"Frees":48,"HeapAlloc":256208,"HeapSys":3866624,"HeapIdle":2891776,"HeapInuse":974848,"HeapReleased":2859008,"HeapObjects":1041,"StackInuse":327680,"StackSys":327680,"MSpanInuse":19992,"MSpanSys":32640,"MCacheInuse":9600,"MCacheSys":15600,"BuckHashSys":3905,"GCSys":3851120,"OtherSys":638191,"NextGC":4194304,"LastGC":0,"PauseTotalNs":0,"PauseNs":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"PauseEnd":[0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0],"NumGC":0,"NumForcedGC":0,"GCCPUFraction":0,"EnableGC":true,"DebugGC":false,"BySize":[{"Size":0,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8,"Mallocs":35,"Frees":0},{"Size":16,"Mallocs":415,"Frees":0},{"Size":24,"Mallocs":71,"Frees":0},{"Size":32,"Mallocs":37,"Frees":0},{"Size":48,"Mallocs":141,"Frees":0},{"Size":64,"Mallocs":52,"Frees":0},{"Size":80,"Mallocs":20,"Frees":0},{"Size":96,"Mallocs":23,"Frees":0},{"Size":112,"Mallocs":14,"Frees":0},{"Size":128,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":144,"Mallocs":7,"Frees":0},{"Size":160,"Mallocs":18,"Frees":0},{"Size":176,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":192,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":208,"Mallocs":42,"Frees":0},{"Size":224,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":256,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":288,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":320,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":352,"Mallocs":13,"Frees":0},{"Size":384,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":416,"Mallocs":33,"Frees":0},{"Size":448,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":480,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":512,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":576,"Mallocs":4,"Frees":0},{"Size":640,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":704,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":768,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":896,"Mallocs":6,"Frees":0},{"Size":1024,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":1152,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":1280,"Mallocs":3,"Frees":0},{"Size":1408,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1536,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":1792,"Mallocs":9,"Frees":0},{"Size":2048,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":2304,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":2688,"Mallocs":2,"Frees":0},{"Size":3072,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":3200,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":3456,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":4096,"Mallocs":5,"Frees":0},{"Size":4864,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":5376,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6144,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":6528,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6784,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":6912,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":8192,"Mallocs":1,"Frees":0},{"Size":9472,"Mallocs":8,"Frees":0},{"Size":9728,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10240,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":10880,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":12288,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":13568,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":14336,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":16384,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0},{"Size":18432,"Mallocs":0,"Frees":0}]},
"virtualMemory": {"active": 1957449728, "buffer": 0}
}总结
标准库 expvar 为需要导出的公共变量提供了一个标准化的接口，使用比较简单。
expvar 包内部定义的几种基础类型都相应给出了并发安全的操作方法，我们不需要去重复实现一遍，能够开箱即用。
但是， 在 https://go.dev/ 上统计的公共项目，该库的 import 数量还不足 1万。
相比于其他标准库的 import 数量而言，expvar 的存在感太低了。
以上是使用 expvar 暴露 Go 程序运行指标的详细内容。更多信息请关注PHP中文网其他相关文章！
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为什么我的Go程序会因为缺少依赖而编译失败？
Jun 10, 2023 pm 02:33 PM
Go是一种受欢迎的编程语言，与其他编程语言相比，Go的编译速度较快，内存消耗较少。但是，有时候我们的Go程序会因为缺少依赖而导致编译失败。那么，为什么会发生这种情况呢？首先，我们需要了解一下Go编译的原理。Go是静态编译型语言，即在编译时就将程序翻译成机器码，然后直接运行。与动态编译型语言相比，Go的编译过程更为复杂，因为在编译之前，需要将所有要使用的包都转
为什么我的Go程序无法正确使用GoQUIC库？
Jun 09, 2023 pm 04:55 PM
最近，越来越多的人开始使用GoQUIC来构建网络应用。由于其高效的传输性能和可靠性，GoQUIC已经成为许多项目的首选。但是，在实际使用过程中，一些开发者发现他们的Go程序无法正确使用GoQUIC库。下面，我们就来分析一下可能导致Go程序无法正常使用GoQUIC库的原因。1.版本问题首先，你需要确定你的GoQUIC版本是否是最新的。GoQUIC经常更新，如果
Go 程序太大了，能要个延迟初始化不？
Aug 04, 2023 pm 05:23 PM
在公司的不断发展中，一开始大多是大单体，改造慢了，一个仓库会有使用十几年的情况，仓库的规模基本是不断增大的过程。
为什么我的Go程序在运行时出现了"out of memory"错误？
Jun 09, 2023 pm 04:40 PM
Go是一种高效的编程语言，提供了内存管理方面的特殊机制。然而，即使在使用这种语言的时候也有可能出现一些问题，比如“outofmemory”错误。那么，为什么我的Go程序会出现这种错误呢？内存泄漏内存泄漏是一种常见的问题，它在Go语言中同样存在。当你的Go程序分配了大量的内存，并在执行某些操作后没有彻底释放这些内存时，就会出现内存泄漏问题。如果出现内存泄漏
为什么我的Go程序中的异常处理无效？
Jun 10, 2023 am 10:13 AM
Golang（Go）是一门语言，它非常擅长处理错误和异常情况。与其他语言不同，Go通过简单而有效的错误处理机制来处理异常情况。尽管Go的错误处理机制非常强大和灵活，但某些程序员在程序中实现错误处理时仍会遇到麻烦。这篇文章旨在帮助解决关于为什么Go程序中的异常处理无效的问题，以及如何正确地处理异常情况。在Go中无效的异常处理通常是因为程序员未正确处理错误或者误
为什么我的Go程序在执行时出现了"core dumped"错误？
Jun 09, 2023 pm 05:49 PM
在使用Go语言进行开发过程中，难免会遇到各种各样的错误。其中一种常见的错误就是“coredumped”，这个错误消息可能令一些开发者很困惑。本文将讲解这个错误的原因以及如何解决它。“coredumped”的含义在Linux操作系统中，“coredumped”是一种错误消息，它表示一个进程在执行过程中意外退出，并且已经生成了一个所谓的“core”文件。这
