php小编新一为您带来了关于在PHP中绘制图形的详细指南。无论是绘制基本的几何图形,还是创建复杂的数据可视化图表,PHP都提供了强大的图形处理功能。本文将介绍如何利用PHP的GD库和其他工具来实现在网页中动态生成各种图形,并探讨一些实用的技巧和技术。让我们一起来探索在PHP中绘制图形的奇妙世界吧!
在使用 pChart
之前,你首先需要安装 php5。你可以从 SourceForge 获得 PHP5 作为 XAMPP 5.5.28 的一部分。
当你有 XAMPP 5.5.28 时,从他们的官方网站下载 pChart
。之后,将 pChart
提取到 XAMPP 5.5.28 的 htdocs
文件夹中。
打开 pChart
文件夹,其结构应如下图所示:
注意:
class
文件夹包含我们将使用的类定义。fonts
文件夹包含我们可以在图表中使用的字体文件。
完成 pChart
设置后,你现在可以开始绘图了。
pChart
绘制条形图
使用 pChart
绘制条形图的 PHP 代码必须包含 class
文件夹中的三个文件。这些文件是:
pData.class.php
pImage.class.php
pDraw.class.php
在这些文件中,pData.class.php
允许你加载将在图表中使用的数据。你需要 pDraw.class.php
来绘制图表。
接下来,pImage.class.php
将让你在 WEB 浏览器中呈现图表。你必须使用 PHP required_once()
包含这些文件。
你可以使用相对路径包含它们或定义一个 PCART_PATH
常量。然后使用 set_include_path()
,你可以为 pChart
类使用短目录名称。
话虽如此,我们可以使用以下步骤创建带有 pChart
的条形图:
PCART_PATH
常量。set_include_path()
作为 pChart
类的短目录名称。required_once()
包含 pChart
类。pData
对象。addPoints
方法将数据添加到 pData
对象。pImage
对象为图表创建图像。pData
的 setGraphArea
方法设置图形区域。pData
的 drawScale
和 drawBarChart
方法绘制刻度和条形图。pData
的 Render
方法渲染图像。确保将 null
传递给 Render
方法。以下是这些步骤的实现。以下是 Firefox 101.0 中的输出图像。
<?php // The definition of the PCHART_PATH assumes // you have pChart one directory above your // current working folder. define("PCHART_PATH", "../pChart"); set_include_path(get_include_path() . PATH_SEPARATOR . PCHART_PATH); // Since we have defined the path, and used // the get_include_path() function, we can // reference the class folder without writing // its full path. require_once "class/pDraw.class.php"; require_once "class/pImage.class.php"; require_once "class/pData.class.php"; // Create the pChart Object $pchart_data = new pData(); // Some sample data that we'll use to plot // the bar chart. $sample_data_set = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 9, 10, 12]; $pchart_data->addPoints($sample_data_set); // Create the pChart Image. The first two argument // to the pImage object are the width and height // of the rendered chart. $pchart_image = new pImage(500, 300, $pchart_data); // Set the font. $pchart_image->setFontProperties( ["FontName" => PCHART_PATH . "/fonts/ForGotte.ttf", "FontSize" => 16] ); // Define the graph area. The first two arguments // are the x-coordinates. While the last two are // the y-coordinates. $pchart_image->setGraphArea(35, 25, 475, 275); $pchart_image->drawScale(); $pchart_image->drawBarChart(); // Render the chart as a PNG image header("Content-Type: image/png"); $pchart_image->Render(null); ?>
输出:
pChart
绘制样条图
绘制样条图的过程与绘制条形图的过程相同,不同之处在于你使用 drawSplineChart
方法绘制样条图。此外,你可以选择不将图表作为图像发送。
相反,你可以选择 pData
的 Stroke
方法在 Web 浏览器中呈现图表。
以下代码使用 pChart
绘制样条图。此外,我们使用的是 fonts
目录中的 MankSans.ttf
字体。
<?php // The definition of the PCHART_PATH assumes // you have pChart one directory above your // current working folder. define("PCHART_PATH", "../pChart"); set_include_path(get_include_path() . PATH_SEPARATOR . PCHART_PATH); // Since we have defined the path, and used // the get_include_path() function, we can // reference the class folder without writing // its full path. require_once "class/pDraw.class.php"; require_once "class/pImage.class.php"; require_once "class/pData.class.php"; // Create the pChart Object $pchart_data = new pData(); // Some sample data that we'll use to plot // the spline chart. $pchart_data->addPoints([4,2,1,4]); // Create the pChart Image. The first two argument // to the pImage object are the width and height // of the rendered chart. $pchart_image = new pImage(700, 220, $pchart_data); // Set the font. $pchart_image->setFontProperties( ["FontName" => PCHART_PATH . "/fonts/MankSans.ttf", "FontSize"=> 18] ); // Define the graph area. The first two arguments // are the x-coordinates. While the last two are // the y-coordinates. $pchart_image->setGraphArea(60, 40, 670, 190); $pchart_image->drawScale(); $pchart_image->drawSplineChart(); // Draw the chart as a stroke. $pchart_image->Stroke(); ?>
输出:
绘制直方图遵循与条形图和样条图类似的步骤。但是,有一些差异值得指出。
首先,直方图的数据将来自 Mysql。这意味着你应该有一个包含一些示例数据的数据库。
其次,你将使用表列名称作为直方图上的轴。为此,你将使用一些 pData
方法,例如 setAbscissa
、setSeriesOnAxis
和 setAxisName
。
现在,创建一个名为 weather_measurements
的数据库,然后使用以下命令创建一个表:
CREATE TABLE measures ( timestamp INT NOT NULL DEFAULT '0', temperature INT NOT NULL, humidity INT NOT NULL )
使用以下命令将样本数据插入 measures
表中:
INSERT INTO measures (timestamp, temperature, humidity) VALUES (UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), 20, 50); INSERT INTO measures (timestamp, temperature, humidity) VALUES (UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), 18, 44); INSERT INTO measures (timestamp, temperature, humidity) VALUES (UNIX_TIMESTAMP(), 19, 70);
确保样本数据在数据库中,然后使用以下命令创建直方图:
<?php // The definition of the PCHART_PATH assumes // you have pChart one directory above your // current working folder. define("PCHART_PATH", "../pChart"); set_include_path(get_include_path() . PATH_SEPARATOR . PCHART_PATH); // Since we have defined the path, and used // the get_include_path() function, we can // reference the class folder without writing // its full path. require_once "class/pDraw.class.php"; require_once "class/pImage.class.php"; require_once "class/pData.class.php"; // Create the pChart Object $pchart_data = new pData(); // Connect to MySQL $connect_to_mysql = new mysqli("localhost", "root", "", "weather_measurements"); // query the database and get the result $query_the_table = "SELECT * FROM measures"; $mysql_result= mysqli_query($connect_to_mysql, $query_the_table); // Declare the variables for the database // records as empty strings. Later, we'll // turn them into arrays for better perfORMance $timestamp = ""; $temperature = ""; $humidity = ""; while($row = mysqli_fetch_array($mysql_result, MYSQLI_ASSOC)) { $timestamp[] = $row["timestamp"]; $temperature[] = $row["temperature"]; $humidity[]= $row["humidity"]; } $pchart_data->addPoints($timestamp,"Timestamp"); $pchart_data->addPoints($temperature,"Temperature"); $pchart_data->addPoints($humidity,"Humidity"); // Put the table column on the appropriate axis $pchart_data->setAbscissa("Timestamp"); $pchart_data->setSerieOnAxis("Humidity", 1); $pchart_data->setXAxisName("Time"); $pchart_data->setXAxisDisplay(AXIS_FORMAT_TIME,"H:i"); // Dedicate the first and second axis to // Temperature and Humidity. $pchart_data->setAxisName(0, "Temperature"); $pchart_data->setAxisUnit(0, "°C"); $pchart_data->setAxisName(1, "Humidity"); $pchart_data->setAxisUnit(0, "%"); // Create the pChart Image. The first two argument // to the pImage object are the width and height // of the rendered chart. $pchart_image = new pImage(500, 300, $pchart_data); // Set the font. $pchart_image->setFontProperties( ["FontName" => PCHART_PATH . "/fonts/verdana.ttf", "FontSize"=> 11] ); // Set the graph area. $pchart_image->setGraphArea(55,25, 475,275); $pchart_image->drawScale(); $pchart_image->drawBarChart(); // Draw the chart as a stroke. $pchart_image->Stroke(); ?>
输出(你的时间会有所不同):
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